Carboxylate state, fully charged

Analogy Between Fully Charged Carboxylate (-COO ) State of Model Proteins and the ATP -bound State of Protein-based Machines... 

Self-doped PANI are very interesting due to their unique electrochemical behavior unlike PANI, the self-doped polymer remains in its doped state in near neutral or alkaline media [28]. Fully self-doped PANIs are not easy to synthesize due to the lower reactivity of acid-functionalized anilines. Kim et al. [29, 30] introduced an alternative approach in the template-assisted enzymatic polymerization of aniline. Previously, only polyanionic templates had been used for PANI synthesis. However, acid-functionalized anilines bear a net anionic charge in aqueous solution, and attempts to use SPS as template with carboxyl-functionalized aniline resulted in red-brown colored polymers with no polaron transitions, regardless of the synthetic conditions. The use of polycationic templates, such as those shown in Figure 8.2 allowed the synthesis of linear and electrically conductive PANIs with self-doping ability due to the doping effect of the carboxyl groups present in the polymer backbone. 

N3 dye has four carboxyl groups capable of taking a proton, making its valence state charges range from —4 to 0. In a LR-TDDFT study that accounts for aqueous solvation by means of a conductor-like polarizable continuum model (C-PCM), the fully protonated form, N3 , is found to be... 

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