Carbon ring electrode fabrication

Carbon ring electrodes with structurally ultrasmall tip diameters were fabricated as described elsewhere. Electrodes with 3-5 pm tip diameters were used for intracellular voltammetry. Electrodes used for characterization ranged from 3 to 15 im in tip diameter. 

Carbon ring electrodes can be fabricated with structurally small (1 pm) tip diameter. These electrodes are useful for voltammetric monitoring of catecholamine neurotransmitters in extremely small environments. 

There has been intense interest recently in the development of ultrasmall electrodes for voltammetry - . However, very few of these electrodes have small structural supports in addition to small electroactive area. We have used carbon deposition by hydrocarbon pyrolysis to fabricate ultrasmall ring-shaped carbon electrodes . Although hydrocarbon pyrolysis has been used to construct carbon electrodes , the novel aspect of our work is the fabrication of structurally ultrasmall electrodes. 

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