Carbon nanotubes history

Many body potentials e.g. Sutton-Chen, Tersoff, " Brenner can be used to describe metals and other continuous solids such as silicon and carbon. The Brenner potential has been particularly successful with fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and diamond. Erhart and Albe have derived an analytical potential based on Brenner s work for carbon, silicon and silicon carbide. The Brenner and Tersolf potentials are examples of bond order potentials. These express the local binding energy between any pair of atoms/ions as the sum of a repulsive term and an attractive term that depends on the bond order between the two atoms. Because the bond order depends on the other neighbours of the two atoms, this apparently two-body potential is in fact many-body. An introduction and history of such potentials has recently been given by Finnis in an issue of Progress in Materials Science dedicated to David Pettifor. For a study of solid and liquid MgO Tangney and Scandolo derived a many body potential for ionic systems. 

Figure 1.1 The brief history of nanotechnology. STM, scanning tunneling microscope AFM, atomic force microscope CNT, carbon nanotube [1].

The recorded history of short fiber technology starts over two thousand years ago with asbestos fibers and reaches into the future with silicon nano-whiskers and carbon nanotubes. Asbestos is derived from the solid phase, but today, the most important short inorganic fibers are derived from the vapor phase. 

Khalkhal and Carreau (2011) examined the linear viscoelastic properties as well as the evolution of the stmcture in multiwall carbon nanotube-epoxy suspensions at different concentration under the influence of flow history and temperature. Initially, based on the frequency sweep measurements, the critical concentration in which the storage and loss moduli shows a transition from liquid-like to solid-like behavior at low angular frequencies was found to be about 2 wt%. This transition indicates the formation of a percolated carbon nanotube network. Consequently, 2 wt% was considered as the rheological percolation threshold. The appearance of an apparent yield stress, at about 2 wt% and higher concentration in the steady shear measurements performed from the low shear of 0.01 s to high shear of 100 s confirmed the formation of a percolated network (Fig. 7.9). The authors used the Herschel-Bulkley model to estimate the apparent yield stress. As a result they showed that the apparent yield stress scales with concentration as Xy (Khalkhal and Carreau 2011). 

According to tbe U.S. Department of Labor, polymer scientists, in the first decade of the twenty-first century, were the most extensively employed chemists, surpassing by four times tbeir nearest competitors, chemists in the pharmaceutical industry. In terms of U.S. chemical exports, plastics and resins have been on a par with organic chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Because of the dramatic and increasing use of polymers in industries, some have called this period in technological history the age of the macromolecule. Most important advances in chemistry and allied fields have involved synthetic polymers, a contemporary example being carbon nanotubes. 

The history, syntheses, and general adsorption properties of carbon nanotubes that have been reported are given in Chapter 9. A number of reviews on hydrogen storage in carbon nanotubes have appeared (Dresselhaus et al., 1999 Cheng et al., 2001 Ding et al., 2001 Dillon and Heben, 2001 Darkrim et al., 2002 Simonyan and Johnson, 2002). 

Despite the already long history of the discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNT)... 

Terasawa N, Mukai K, Yamato K, Asaka K (2012b) Superior performance of manganese oxide/ multi-walled carbon nanotubes polymer actuator over ruthenium oxide/muM-walled carbon nanotubes and single-waUed carbon nanotubes. Sensors Actuators B Chem 171 172 595-601 Timoshenko S (1983) History of strength of materials. New York, NY Dover Torop J, et al (2009) Nanoporous carbide-derived carbon material-based linear actuators. Materials 3 9-25... 

As materials with highest effective conductivity at temperatures close to room temperature, carbon nanotubes and graphenes have begun to be used in various devices such as MOSFET transistors (—> 1. A brief history of ceramic innovations). 

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