Carbon interlayer spaces

Electron diffraction studies [3] have revealed that hexagons within the sheets are helically wrapped along the axis of the nanotubes. The interlayer spacing between sheets is 0.34 nm which is slightly larger than that of graphite (0.3354 nm). It was dso reported [2] that the helicity aspect may vary from one nanotube to another. Ijima et al. [2] also reported that in addition to nanotubes, polyhedral particles consisting of concentric carbon sheets were also observed. 

Carbon will react directly at high temperatures with many elements such as sulphur and iron. It also forms intercalation compounds in which a wide range of molecules enter the interlayer spacing of the graphite. This can lead to disruption of the material but also produces a whole new class of potentially useful materials. 

Ni(OH)/NiOOH couple 147 interlayer spacing, lithiated carbons 399 internal chargers, RAM 77... 

Inagaki M. Graphite-nitrate residue compounds with a smaller interlayer spacing than graphite. Carbon 1967 5 317-8. 

Figure 4. Histogram of the interlayer spacings d obtained by computer analysis of the HRTEM image of a cross-section of a carbon fiber coated by pyrocarbon.

Figure 7. Schematic model based on the TEM image analysis and on in situ 7Li-NMR during galvanostatic reduction/oxidation of the carbon composite. During insertion, ionic lithium penetrates at first in the smallest interlayer spacings, then it diffuses in the slit-shaped pores where quasi-metallic clusters are formed.

Ion exchange reactions between cations present in groundwater and in the interlayer space of the montmorillonite structure. These are mainly the replacement of 2Na+ by Ca2+ and Mg2+ present in ground-waters. This triggers the dissolution of carbonates according to equilibria like the one exemplified by equation (1). The ion-exchange reactions can be described by ... 

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