Carbon dioxide volcanic

Carbon dioxide, CO. Carbon dioxide is present in air and escapes from fissures in the earth in volcanic regions and where mineral springs occur. It may be prepared by ... 

Brantley, S.L. and Koepenich, K.W. (1995) Measured carbon dioxide emissions from Oldoinyo Lengai and the skewed distribution of passive volcanic fluxes. Geology, 23, 933-936. 

It is well documented that carbon dioxide in vesicles of MORE is derived from the upper mantle. In island arcs and subduction-related volcanism major portions of carbon may derive from limestones and organic carbon. Sano and Marty (1995) demonstrated that the C02/ He ratio in combination with the 8 C-value can be used to distinguish between sedimentary organic, limestone, and MORE carbon. Using this approach Nishio et al. (1998) and Fischer et al. (1998) concluded... 

Carbon dioxide is found throughout nature. Its concentration in the air is 0.036% by volume. It is the primary component of exhaled air of all animals. It also is the product of oxidation of all carbonaceous matter and an end product of complete combustion. It also is found dissolved in natural waters. It occurs in the earth s crust and in volcanic eruptions. 

A chemist designs an experiment to study the chemistry of the atmosphere of the early Ecirth. She constructs an apparatus to combine pure Scimples of the primary volcanic gases that made up the atmosphere billions of years c o carbon dioxide, ammonia, and water vapor. If the partial pressures of these gases are 50 kPa, 80 kPa, and 120 kPa, respectively, what s the pressure of the resulting mixture ... 

The atmosphere of modern Earth is thought to be very different from that of early Earth. Scientists conjecture that Earth s first atmosphere consisted of carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen, and hydrogen sulfide, with trace amounts of ammonia and methane. The gases in the atmosphere are thought to have been released from the interior of the planet by volcanic eruptions. At this early... 

About 4500 million years ago the Earth was formed. Over a period of time, the Earth cooled to become a molten mass upon which a thin crust formed. Volcanic activity through the crust pushed out huge quantities of gases, such as ammonia, nitrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and a small amount of sulfur dioxide, which formed an atmosphere around the Earth (Figure 11.3). 

Carbon dioxide Natural and industrial potential carbon sources exist volcanic activity, living organism respiration, fossil fuel combustion, cement production, changes in land use. Natural CO2 fluxes into and out of the atmosphere exceed the human contribution by more than an order of magnitude. The rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration closely parallels the emission history from fossil fuels and land use changes. 

The soil is continually evolving carbon dioxide part of this is no doubt of volcanic origin, and part is due to chemical processes of a more superficial character. As an instance of the former, it is interesting to note that after eruptions of Vesuvius the soil has breathed out such vast quantities of carbon dioxide that game have been poisoned wholesale. The famous Valley of Death in Java, the Death Gulch of Western America, the Grotto del Cane near Naples, and others, owe their poisonous atmospheres to carbon dioxide exhaled by the soil. 

Meanwhile, gases originally trapped below the surface were released into the atmosphere through volcanic eruptions and other crust openings. The atmosphere began to fill with carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water vapor. Oceans developed as water vapor condensed and fell as rain in ceaseless storms. Large amounts of carbon dioxide were... 

The controls on carbon dioxide would have been somewhat different. Today, carbon dioxide is stored in carbonate minerals in the ocean floor and on the continental shelf. Subduction, followed by volcanism, cycles the carbon dioxide to the mantle and then restores the CO2 to the air. Metamorphic decarbonation of the lower crust also returns carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is then cycled back to the water, some via rain, some dissolved via wave bubbles. Erosion provides calcium and magnesium, eventually to precipitate the carbonate. In the earliest Archean, parts of this cycle may have been inefficient. The continental supply of calcium may have been limited however, subseafloor hydrothermal systems would have been vigorous and abundant, exchanging sodium for calcium in spilitization reactions, and hence providing calcium for in situ precipitation in oceanic crust. 

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