Calibration symbols

Symbols used ( calibration result, (H) duplicate calibration results in same 0.2% class, (1,2) duplicate measurements,... 

Instead of the symbol A and the term sensitivity matrix also the symbol K (matrix of calibration coefficients, matrix of linear response constants etc) is used. Because of the direct metrological and analytical meaning of the sensitivities aj - in the A-matrix the term sensitivity matrix is preferred. 

Figure 25-1 Symbolic graphical depiction of a two-wavelength calibration.

Fig. 2. Effect of the uv detector noise on the estimation of the molecular weight as function of elution volume for a narrow polystyrene standard. The symbols represent molecular weights obtained using the universal calibration and viscosity measurements on collected fractions...

Figure 3.1 Analytical working curve for a self-indexed luminescent thermometer based on the ratio between the measured excimer (E, 475 nm) and monomer (M, 375 nm) emission bands of l,3-b/s(l-pyrenyl)propane in [C4Cjpyr][Tf2Nj. The optical thermometer is perfectly reversible in the temperature range shown and highly precise, with the measured uncertainties in the ratio (1 /1 ) falling well within the symbol dimensions. The dashed curve represents the temperature uncertainty predicted from explicit differentiation of a sigmoidal fit to the calibration profile 5T = 0T/0R 5R where R = I /Iu- (Reprinted from Baker, G.A., Baker, S.N., and McCleskey, T.M., Chem. Commun., 2932-2933, 2003. Copyright 2003 Royal Society of Chemistry. With permission.)...

Figure 45.3 shows the response surface obtained for ammonium ISE in presence of potassium ion as interference. This surface has been generated from the experimental data of the seven previous calibration sequences, fitting them to the Nicolsky-Eisenman equation with SigmaPlot 2000 software and plotted with 3D visualization options. The experimental data also appear in the figure as black symbols. In the same way, the fitted response surfaces for potassium and generic ISEs can be easily generated. 

Figure 11. Data documenting the calibration of the carbonate clumped-isotope thermometer for inorganic calcite grown in the laboratory (filled circles) and aragonitic corals grown in nature at known temperatures (an example of one of several biogenic materials we have also calibrated unfilled symbols). The large, gray circle shows the result of analyses of a modern soil carbonate collected from the Bolivian Altiplano plateau. The horizontal position of this data point is based on the mean annual surface temperature near the site of collection between 2004 and the present.

Figure 1. Isomer shift versus quadrupole splitting data for Fe2+ ions in a variety of coordination environments in silicate and oxide minerals. Calibration of each 295K Mossbauer spectrum from which the parameters are derived is based on reference zero velocity at the midpoint of the a-Fe spectrum. The legend to mineral symbols is contained in Table I.

Figure 1. Apparent subcutaneous glycaemia (closed symbols) calculated using one point calibration compared to the actual plasma glycaemia (open symbols), measured by conventional method. Upper pannel shows the sensor response after 4 hours of implantation and the lower one after 28 hours of implantation. Conditions intramuscular administration of glucagon (2.6 ig) at time zero followed by insulin (100 mU) at time 30. ...

In Equation 5.2, the symbol, bv called b-hat, is used to emphasize its role as an estimate of bx. The resulting calibration model is used to predict the analyte concentration for an unknown sample, yilllk, by... 

All thermometers, regardless of fluid, read the same at zero and 100 if they are calibrated by the method described, but at other points the readings do not usually correspond, because fluids vary in their expansion characteristics. An arbitrary choice could be made, and for many purposes this would be entirely satisfactory. However, as will be shown, the temperature scale of the SI system, with its kelvin unit, symbol K, is based on the ideal gas as thermometric fluid. Since the definition of this scale depends on the properties of gases, detailed discussion of it is delayed until Chap. 3. We note, however, that this is an absolute scale, and depends on the concept of a lower limit of temperature. 

Figure 3. Response times of sensors. Squares Sensor F (MOS) Circles Sensor E (Multi) Filled symbols response to hydrogen flow initiation open symbols response to hydrogen flow cessation. Arrows indicate order of tests. Times are not corrected for the response time of the calibration cell.

Figure 11.2 Left Schematic illustrating use of double stranded DNA to mediate distance between fluorophore and nanoparticle surface. Middle Symbols show the average values of experimentally measured fluorescence lifetime. The last measurement was done in the absence of gold nanoparticles as a calibration. The dashed and dashed-dotted curves display the calculated fluorescence lifetime for the molecular dipole oriented radially or tangentially with respect to the gold nanoparticle. Right Fluorescence signal corresponding to the measurements presented the middle panel. Reprinted with permission from reference [22]. (2007) American Chemical Society.

Figure 4a. Continuous underway measurements of temperature salinity, dissolved O2 and pH. Density, computed from temperature and salinity, also is shown. Calibration data are shown with a symbol. Numbers at the top of the figure refer to CTD station numbers and the stippled areas show the...

Fig. 16 Calibration curves of the p(2-VPy) standards for two different PEG types and the mixture of PEGs with different contour lengths. The plus symbol represents the theoretical curve for the mixture of sieving PEGs calculated from measurements on the single-PEG systems...

FIG. 8 SECM steady-state current-distance approach curves with substrates of rutile (001) (A, A), and albite (010) ( , ). In each case the filled symbols are data for H+ reduction and open symbols are tip-substrate distance calibration data for ferrocyanide oxidation. The solid lines show the negative feedback behavior for an inert substrate and an electrode geometry characterized by RG = 10 (rutile experiments) and RG = 20 (albite experiments). 

Figure 9.1. Simulated contours of present-day hydraulic heads (in feet) generated from the calibrated two-dimensional finite difference flow model developed by GeoTrans (1987b). Arrows indicate the directions of groundwater flow. Also shown are the finite difference model and the confined/unconfined aquifer boundaries. Star symbols indicate the two water samples used in inverse modeling.

In the calibration equations sometimes the symbols for X and Y are upper case and sometimes they are lower case (x and y). When do you use upper case and when do you use lower case ... 

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