By metal ions and related species

Oxidation and Reduction by Metal Ions and Related Species. 94... 

The efforts to rationalize the formulas and structures of Zintl ions and related species predated extensive definitive structural information on anionic post-transition metal clusters obtained by Corbett and his group in the 1970s [8, 9]. After enough such structural information on the bare post-transition metal clusters became available, the resemblance of their polyhedra to the known polyhedral boranes became apparent. For this reason, the simple Zintl-Klemm concept has been largely superseded by newer, more advanced descriptions of chemical bonding in such clusters, initially those applied to the polyhedral boranes. 

This linear relation was revealed that both the ionic species and metallic species in the bulk electrolyte were associated with each other and the mass transfer of the metallic species contributed to the ionic conductivity. The mass transfer of the metallic species was also correlated with the ionic mobility. In the case of electrodeposition from this kind of [P2225KTFSA] including [Nd(TFSA>5] , the mobility of metallic ions and related complexes would be influenced by the current efficiency of the cathodic process. 

The interactions of (212) and related species with monovalent and divalent metal cations have been studied by nmr spectroscopy (Lehn Simon, 1977). The study indicated that sequential formation of mono-and di-cation complexes occurs (see [4.7]). These studies, and especially a 13C nmr study of the 1 1 complex of (212) with barium nitrate, suggest that the 1 1 species are unsymmetrical with the metal ion being contained in one of the azacrown cavities. Nevertheless, the nmr data also indicate that these 1 1 species undergo internal cation exchange between the respective azacrown sites. This intramolecular dynamic behaviour serves... 

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