Bone-like material

Takeuchi, A., Ohtsuki, C., Miyazaki, T., Tanaka, H., Yamazaki, M. and Tanihara, M. (2003) Deposition of bone-like apatite on silk fiber in a solution that mimics extracellular fluid. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 65A, 283-289. 

Poly(oxyethylene)-Si02 ormosils have been prepared as an approach to the preparation of biologically active polymer-apatite composites. For this purpose, Yamamoto et al. [72] obtained these Class II hybrids from triethoxysilyl-terminated poly(oxyethylene) (PEG) and TEOS by using the in situ sol-gel process. After being subjected to the biomimetic process to form the bone-like apatite layer, it was found that a dense apatite layer could be prepared on the hybrid materials, indicating that the silanol groups provide effective sites for CHA nucleation and growth. 

Compact bone like long bones, most abundant among archaeological bone remains, shows basically two different parts a central one called diaphysis, mainly composed of compact bone, and two extremities called epiphysis which are more porous. It contains a fundamental substance - a mixture of the organic and mineral phase - and cells that remodel continuously the bone material as well as the so-called Haversian systems containing channels that provide the nutrition to the bone cells as they accommodate blood vessels and nerves. The Haversian channels exhibit diameters between 10 and 70 pm [26], The periosteum closes the bone at its outside and the medullar cavity at the inside accommodating the bone marrow [40],... 

Reconstituted bone. This material is not common but does occasionally appear on the market in the atm of small ures or netsuke-like carvings . Probably intended to imitate ivory rather than bone, it shows a total lack of structure or marks om carving tools, but will probably show signs of having been moulded. It is made of powdered bone mixed with a filler. 

Kamitakahara, M., Ohtsuki, C., and Miyazaki, T. (2007) Coating of bone-like apatite for development of bioactive materials for bone reconstruction. Biomed. Mater, 2 (4), R17-R23. 

Dentin is a bone-like tissue, consisting of collagen fibrils reinforced with carbonated hydroxyapatite particles. It constitutes the body of teeth and is covered by a hard enamel layer. It has long been used by humans as a material in the form of ivory. Given the function of teeth, the design of the dentine structure needs to sustain many years of extreme loads without any repair mechanism similar to bone remodeling. As a consequence, the dentin stmcture is likely to be very well adapted... 

Wei, G. B. Ma, P. X. 2006. Macroporous and nanofibrous polymer scaffolds and polymer/bone-like apatite composite scaffolds generated by sugar spheres. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 78A, 306-315. 

In block copolymers with lamellar morphology, mechanical properties and deformation structures vary with the orientation of the lamellae with respect to the direction of applied load. When the material is loaded in a perpendicular direction to the lamellar orientation, lamellae are folded in a fish-bone-like arrangement (57). Such a lamellar folding in a solution cast film of an SBS triblock copolymer is shown in Figure 20 (58). 

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