Blood frequency distribution data

It has been determined that although human blood is one of the most common clue materials found at crime scenes, laboratory analysis procedures are comparatively undeveloped in the United States. The major limitations appear to be the unavailability of simple and rapid methods of analysis, the lack of high quality antisera prepared specifically for dried bloodstain analysis, and the absence of blood frequency distribution data for the population of the United States. The LEAA-sponsored program at Aerospace, therefore, is intended to improve the methods for the detection of genetic variants in dried blood, to expand the data base concerning frequency of distribution of these variants, and to design a structure for the future collection and dissemination of such data. 

We start with data on the emission of CO. A dispersion model gives us estimates on the CO-concentrations in the air. An exposure model is used to obtain estimates of the number of persons exposed to different CO-concentrations. Then follows a model relating CO-levels to carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) leveb in the blood. Finally, a dose-response model is required to obtain estimates for the health effects. These estimates should be gjven in terms of a frequency distribution to account for uncertainty. 

As expected, the frequency distribution of the data has a lognormal, positive skewed, form. The range of the zinc values (0.99-5.69 p-g/ml), but mainly the median (2.85 p-g/ml), are lower than those of humans. According to Minoia et al. (1990), the zinc concentration in human blood ranges from 3.5 to 8.8 p.g/ml, with an average of 6.34 p,g/ml. 

Fig. 2. Top, cumulative distribution (blood lead vs frequency) of data in Fig. 1 (top) bottom, cumulative distribution function based on random sample depicted in Fig. 1 (bottom).

Figure 11. (a) Single ceU impedance spectra for populations of T-lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils. Each point is the average for about 1,500 events and shows the mean and standard deviation of the measurement data. The dashed hues show the best fit PSPICE circuit simulation, (b) Scatter plot of opacity vs the low frequency impedance magnitude for saponin/formic acid treated whole blood and 7.18 pm beads, (c) The WBC distributions from a micro-impedance cytometer referenced against a commercial full blood analyser. (Adapted with permission from Hohnes et al. (2009) [56], copyright 2009, RSC.)... 

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