Compatibility blood

The rationale for the development of such fibers is demonstrated by their appHcation in the medical field, notably hemoperfusion, where cartridges loaded with activated charcoal-filled hoUow fiber contact blood. Low molecular weight body wastes diffuse through the fiber walls and are absorbed in the fiber core. In such processes, the blood does not contact the active sorbent direcdy, but faces the nontoxic, blood compatible membrane (see Controlled RELEASE TECHNOLOGY, pharmaceutical). Other uses include waste industrial appHcations as general as chromates and phosphates and as specific as radioactive/nuclear materials. 

C. P. Sharma and M. Szycher, Blood Compatible Materials and Devices, Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., Lancaster, Pa., 1991. 

Plasma processing technologies ate used for surface treatments and coatings for plastics, elastomers, glasses, metals, ceramics, etc. Such treatments provide better wear characteristics, thermal stability, color, controlled electrical properties, lubricity, abrasion resistance, barrier properties, adhesion promotion, wettability, blood compatibility, and controlled light transmissivity. 

Biomedical Applications Due to their excellent blood compatibility (low interaction with plasma proteins) and high oxygen and moisture permeabilities, siloxane containing copolymers and networks have been extensively evaluated and used in the construction of blood contacting devices and contact lenses 376). Depending on the actual use, the desired mechanical properties of these materials are usually achieved by careful design and selection of the organic component in the copolymers. 

Blood compatibility see Biocompatibility Born-Oppenheimer separation 180, 182 Branch points, labeled 164 Branches, in star polymers 162... 

Coatings for hip j oints, heart valves, and other prostheses DLC is biocompatible and blood compatible,... 

After almost half a century of use in the health field, PU remains one of the most popular biomaterials for medical applications. Their segmented block copolymeric character endows them with a wide range of versatility in tailoring their physical properties, biodegradation character, and blood compatibility. The physical properties of urethanes can be varied from soft thermoplastic elastomers to hard, brittle, and highly cross-linked thermoset material. 

As a preeminent biomaterial, silicones have been the most thoroughly studied polymer over the last half century. From lubrication for syringes to replacements for soft tissue, silicones have set the standard for excellent blood compatibility, low toxicity durability, and bioinertness. Many medical applications would not have been possible without this unique polymer. 

Chitosan is the main structural component of crab and shrimp shells. Chitosan contains both reactive amino and hydroxyl groups, which can be used to chemically alter its properties under mild reaction conditions. Al-acyl chitosans were already reported as blood-compatible materials. UV irradiation grafting technique was utilized to introduce obutyrylchitosan (OBCS) onto the grafted SR film in the presence of the photosensitive heterobifunctional cross-linking agent. The platelet adhesion test revealed that films grafted on OBCS show excellent antiplatelet adhesion. 

PDMS-co-PS has been proposed to have the antithrombogenicity. PDMS-PEO-heparin has been synthesized to achieve better blood compatibility. Silicone-PC copolymers are always used as blood oxygenation, dialysis, and microelectrode membranes. 

Ishihara K, Tanaka S, Furukawa N, Kurita K, and Nakabayashi N. Improved blood compatibility of segmented polyurethanes by polymeric additives having phospholipid polar groups. I. Molecular design of polymeric additives and their functions. J Biomed Mater Res, 1996, 32(3), 391-399. 

Williams RL, Wilson DJ, and Rhodes, NP. Stability of plasma-treated silicone rubber and its influence on the interfacial aspects of blood compatibility. Biomaterials, 2004, 25, 4659 673. 

Mirzadeh H, Khorasani MT, and Sammez P. Laser surface modification of polymers A novel technique for the preparation of blood compatible materials-II In vitro assay. Iranian Polym, 1998, 7, 5. 

Hydrophobic or Hydrophilic Polymers with Excellent Mechanical Properties and Flexibility, Tunable Surface Energy for Cardiovascular Applications. Blood Compatibility ... 

Lyman, D. J., and Knutson, K., Chemical, physical, and mechanical aspects of blood compatibility, in Biomedical Polymers... 

The design of bioeompatible (blood compatible) potentiometric ion sensors was described in this chapter. Sensing membranes fabricated by crosslinked poly(dimethylsiloxane) (silicone rubber) and sol gel-derived materials are excellent for potentiometric ion sensors. Their sensor membrane properties are comparable to conventional plasticized-PVC membranes, and their thrombogenic properties are superior to the PVC-based membranes. Specifically, membranes modified chemically by neutral carriers and anion excluders are very promising, because the toxicity is alleviated drastically. The sensor properties are still excellent in spite of the chemical bonding of neutral carriers on membranes. 

Examples A, O-rings for rotary and static applications (43) B, extruded items such as hose, tube, and solid splicable stock C, fuel hose for low temperature service (—57°C) and coated fabric for collapsible fuel storage tanks (40, 45) D, biomedical applications such as soft denture liners (48) and blood compatible parts E, lip seals (42) F, shock absorption and vibration damping mounts, (Photograph courtesy of the Firestone Tire... 

Similarly to the phospholipid polymers, the MPC polymers show excellent biocompatibility and blood compatibility [43—48]. These properties are based on the bioinert character of the MPC polymers, i.e., inhibition of specific interaction with biomolecules [49, 50]. Recently, the MPC polymers have been applied to various medical and pharmaceutical applications [44-47, 51-55]. The crosslinked MPC polymers provide good hydrogels and they have been used in the manufacture of soft contact lenses. We have applied the MPC polymer hydrogel as a cell-encapsulation matrix due to its excellent cytocompatibility. At the same time, to prepare a spontaneously forming reversible hydrogel, we focused on the reversible covalent bonding formed between phenylboronic acid and polyol in an aqueous system. 

Ishihara K (1997) Novel polymeric materials for obtaining blood compatible surfaces. Trends in Polym Sci 5 401 -07... 

Y. Kanda, R. Aoshinma, and A. Takada, Blood compatibility of components and materials in silicon integrated circuits. Electron. Lett. 17, 558-559 (1981). 

Sefton, M. V., Gemmell, Cynthia, H., and Gorbet, Maud B., What really is blood compatibility J. Biomater. Sci. Polymer Ed. 11, 1165-1182 (2000). 

These unusual concerns include irritation (vascular, muscular, or subcutaneous), pyrogenicity, blood compatibility, and sterility (Avis, 1985). The background of each of these, along with the underlying mechanisms and factors that influence the level of occurrence of such an effect, are briefly discussed below. 

Blood compatibility. It is important that cellular components of the blood are not disrupted and that serum- or plasma-based responses are not triggered by parenteral administration. Therefore, two mechanisms must be assessed regarding the blood compatibility of component materials. These include the material s effect on cellular components that cause membrane destruction and hemolysis and the activation of the clotting mechanism resulting in the formation of the thromboeboli. 

Many of the nonactive, ingredient-related physicochemical factors that influence irritation (tonicity, pH, and particle size, for example) also act to determine blood compatibility. But the chemical features of a drug entity itself, its molecular size and reactivity, can also be of primary importance. 

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