Bleed characteristics, measurement

For AVG, NFK-KDOQI recommends PE for access monitoring. It lists use of intra-access flow, direct or derived static venous pressures and US as preferred techniques for access surveillance. For AVF, direct flow measurements, physical findings of persistent swelling of the arm, presence of collateral veins, prolonged bleeding on needle withdrawal, altered characteristics of pulse or thrill in the outflow vein and US are preferred techniques of surveillance [17]. 

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