Black-tailed deer

When the natural product source contains racemic mixtures (of isomeric forms), then clearly the assignment of signal value to either or both variants of a compound needs to be determined. Alterations in receptor detection of chirality can change sensitivity to the geometrically alternate compound over the range 101 to 106. Of the lactones passed into urine and deposited on tarsal hairs of Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus... 

The determinants of F. have been subject to experimentation mostly in field and captive studies of ungulates. These support the expected association between the frequency and occurrence of Flehmen and the seasonality of reproduction. The elicitation of F. can also depend upon the social context presentation of urine or other stimuli alone may not produce consistent displays. When conspecific urine was tested out of context (i.e. no female present) in male Black-tailed deer, there was no discrimination between urine from individual adult males or between urine from estrous/non-estrous females (Altieri, 1980). Correlation of male endocrine status in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) showed that the elevation of testosterone during rut and the duration of F. elicited by female urine was coincident F. bouts during rat were twice as long following exposure to adult female urine as to that of immature females (Mossing and Damber, 1981). 

Flueck, W.T. 1994. Effect of trace elements on population dynamics selenium deficiency in free-ranging black-tailed deer. Ecology 75 807-812. 

As a result of nuclear weapons testing, mandibles of Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) from California increased from <9 Bq 90Sr/kg ash weight (AW) to >204 Bq/kg AW between 1952 and 1960 (Table 32.14) (Schultz and Longhurst 1963). Age and season affected strontium kinetics in male mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) during the period of antler... 

Black-tailed deer, Odocoileus hemionus columbianus, California Muscle vs. rumen contents, 1968-69, 137Cs ... 

Book, S.A. 1969. Fallout Cesium-137 Accumulation in Two Subpopulations of Black-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus). M.A. thesis, Univ. California, Berkeley. 61 pp. 

Schultz, V. and W.M. Longhurst. 1963. Accumulation of strontium-90 in yearling Columbian black-tailed deer, 1950-1960. Pages 73-76 in V. Schultz, and A.W. Klement, Jr. (eds.). Radioecology. Reinhold, New York. 

Muller-Schwarze, M.D., Volkman, N.J. and Zemanek, K.F. (1977) Osmetrichia specialised scent hair in black tailed deer. J. Ultrastructural Research. 59, 223-230. 

Miiller-Schwarze, D. (1972) The responses of young black-tailed deer to predator odors. J. Mammal. 53, 393-394. 

Tarsal, metatarsal, caudal, interdigital and preorbital glandular structures have been described in the black-tailed deer, Odocoileus hemionus columbianus. The tarsal organ received considerable attention from chemists and behavioral scientists during the early years of chemical research on mammalian semiochemicals. The major constituent of the complex mixture of volatile compounds associated with the tarsal hair tuft of this mule deer, (Z)-6-dodecen-4-olide [ 125], was subsequently found to be a mixture of the R and S enantiomers in a ratio of 89 11 respectively [ 126]. It was later found that this compound does not originate in the tarsal structure itself, but that it is extracted from the animal s urine by the tarsal hair tuft, which is specially adapted to extract lipids from urine [127]. 

Both male and female black-tailed deer, 0. h. columbianus, rub their foreheads on twigs and branches. Several studies have indicated that this behavior functions as visual and olfactory signposts [ 130]. A qualitative and quantitative... 

Tarsal gland Black-tailed deer, Odocoileus hemionus columhianus... 

Special modified hair in the region of a scent gland can enhance its function. Such scent hairs have been termed osmetrichia (Miiller-Schwarze et ah, 1977 Fig. 3.12). They may be stiff bristles with surface chambers formed by their cuticular scales, as in the tarsal tuft of black-tailed deer (Fig. 3.12a), spoon or spatula like, as in the ventral gland of the Mongolian gerbil Meriories unguiculatus Fig. 3.12d), or a wick formed by a hollow medulla and vacuolated cortical... 

FIGURE 6.6 Secretion marking in the black-tailed deer. A male scent marks by rubbing the side of his head against a post while opening the pouch of the antorbital (AOG) (or preorbital) gland. (Photograph D. Miiller-Schwarze.)... 

Black-tailed deer Equally often during estrus and diestrus Milller-Schwarze, 1979... 

Maternal imprinting occurs more rapidly than filial imprinting. An ungulate mother such as a goat (Klopfer and Gambale, 1966) or black-tailed deer (Miiller-Schwarze and Miiller-Schwarze, 1971) will irreversibly and exclusively... 

Black-tailed deer Odocoikus hemionus columbianus Coyote Canis latrans puma, Fdis concolor Fecal odor Inhibition of feeding Muller-Schwarze, 1972... 

In black-tailed deer, Odocoikus hemionus columbianus, fecal odors of sympatric predators (coyote, C. latrans, and mountain lion, Fdis concolor) in vials next to food pellets inhibited feeding, while those of allopatric predators (lion, Fdis leo, snow leopard, Uncia uncia) do not, or very little (Miiller-Schwarze, 1972 Fig. 12.3). Note that mammals discriminate between the odors of sym- and allopatric predators, while fish and rattlesnakes do not (pp. 359 and 364). Free-ranging adult female wapiti, Cervus elaphus canadensis, respond to the odors of dog urine, and cougar and wolf feces (presented as water slurry) with increased heart rates. It was concluded that the main effect of predator odors may be for assessing the risk of predation (Chabot etal, 1996). 

FIGURE 12.3 Responses of black-tailed deer fawns to predator odors. 

Brownlee, R. G., Silverstein, R. M. Miiller-Schwarze, D., and Singer, A. G. (1969). Isolation, identification and function of the chief component of the male tarsal scent in black-tailed deer. Nature 221,284-285. 

Campbell, D. L. and Bullard, R. W. (1972). A preference-testing system for evaluating repellents for black-tailed deer. Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference 5, 56-63. 

Dimock, E. J., Silen, R. E., and Allen, V. E. (1976). Genetic resistance on Douglas-fir to damage by snowshoe hare and black-tailed deer. Forest Science 22,106-121. 

Muller-Schwarze, D. (1971). Pheromones in black-tailed deer (Odocoileus heminonus columbianus). Animal Behaviour 19,141-152. 

Miiller-Schwarze, D., Ravid, U., Claesson, A., et al. (1978a). The deer lactone source, chiral properties, and responses by black-tailed deer. JoarnaZo/C/jcm/ca/Eco/cgy4,247-256. 

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