Biotechnology biomass-based ethanol

However, because the production of ethylene from sugar-based ethanol comprises decarboxylation and dehydration steps, the overall process is not very efficient regarding the use of biomass. In contrast, novel monomers can be produced with significant higher atom efficiency. An example is the biotechnological production of succinic acid in which carbon dioxide can be fixated rather than released as a by-product (Cheng et al., 2012). 

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