Biosynthesis other types

Direct costs further include the costs involved in active nectar sequestration, as well as the cost involved in producing the nectary. This latter cost is probably low, as nectaries are often simple and small, showing little differentiation. In other types of defense, costs relating to biosynthesis, transport, and storage (i.e., autotoxicity) can... 

To date, the biosynthesis of the monoene and diene ketones found in some lymantrid pheromones, and which have been included in this chapter both because of their structural similarities to other Type II pheromones and because some lymantrid species produce mixtures of ketones and normal Type II pheromones, has not been studied. Such studies may be complicated by the instability of some of the diene ketones. One of the other significant unresolved questions in the biosynthesis of Type II pheromones is the desaturation that results in the production of l,3Z,6Z,9Z-tetraenes, for which the corresponding 3Z,6Z,9Z-trienes are not the precursors (Choi et al., 2007). 

Besides application to the analysis of polysaccharides of unknown structure, enzymes are also often used for routine measurements on polysaccharides of essentially established structure, such as the starch components and the glycogens. Enzymes provide extremely quick and accurate information for the characterization of polysaccharides of this type, including the products synthesized in vitro diuring studies on their mechanism of biosynthesis. There is also increasing application to the characterization of other types of polysaccharide, synthesized enzymically in vitro. A further important use is for investigation of the nature of the products formed by the action of other catabolic enzymes on polysaccharides such applications may give information on either the structure of the polysaccharide or the specificity of the catabolic enzyme under investigation. 

Biosynthesis These alkaloids are formed by the usual plant steroid biosynthetic pathway via cycloartenol and cholesterol. The Solanum steroid alkaloids and procevine (22/J,255)-18,22,26-nitrilocholest-5-en-3/S-ol, CAS [468-24-6] also present in Liliaceae are important intermediates in these processes and furnish all the other types of compounds by carbon skeleton rearrangement and ring closure reactions. ... 

---