Biosensors trace analysis

Marco MP, Barcelo D (1999) Fundamentals and applications of biosensors for environmental analysis. In Barcelo D (ed) Sample handling and trace analysis of pollutants techniques, applications and quality assurance. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 1075... 

Furthermore as illustrated in this review as well, novel electrode surfaces as well as electrochemical biosensors may achieve the detection limits down to the nanomolar range without any accumulation step, with good selectivity, and with nearly no sample perturbation. Such dramatic improvements in the sensitivity of voltammetric measurements have made voltammetry very attractive analytical technique for trace metal measurements and, to some extent, competitive to the latest types of working electrodes in ESA, or even to other trace-analysis instrumental techniques. For these reasons, the field of potential applicability may be the industry, hygienic labs, or even outdoor environment simply saying the quality control as well as the routine analysis. 

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