Bionucleating templates

Fig. (2). Dendrimeric peptide bionucleating template composed of putative minimal binding domain from HRP II. BNTI has one layer of nucleating domain, while BNT II has two layers [44].

Fig. (3). Hemozoin Production Mediated by Bionucleating Templates. Representative polymerization assay with 50 pM of hemin in 2 ml acetate buffer (500 mM, pH 4.8) at 37° C. BNTI and BNTII were used in 1 and 2 nmol amounts. Chloroquine (CQ, 100 pM) was included with BNT I and BNT n in inhibition reactions. Polyhistidine and bovine serum albumin in approximately 1 and 2 nmol amounts were used in protein control experiments. The blank control was the acetate buffer above. Base line amounts of insoluble aggregate are consistent with those previously reported under similar conditions.

Lipids are a possible template for HZ biomineralization. As a bionucleating template, lipids can increase the solubihty of Fe(III)PPIX, localize high concentrations of Fe(III)PPIX with iron-hydrophobic headgroup interactions, and provide a layer of free heme intercalation. The propionate groups of free heme within the lipid layer draw into their positively charged Fe(III) centers, which weakens any hydrogen bonds with water and enables the hydrogen bonds of Fe(III)PPIX dimers. Fitch et al... 

Figure 3 Generalized diagram of the dendrimeric bionucleating templates...

Figure 4 a) Hemozoin aggregation mediated by bionucleating templates b) pH dependence of the heme aggregation c) SEM and d) XRD characterization of... 

We have obviated the need for isolating nucleating agents fix>m the parasite by utilizing an entirely synthetic dendrimeric peptide bionucleating template (BNTII) based on the putative heme binding domain of HRP II that functions as... 

---