Biological-machine systems integration

In the electronics industry. Pis find wide appHcations as a dielectric material for semiconductors due to thermal stabiHty (up to 400°C) and low dielectric constant. Pis are being considered for use in bearings, gears, seals, and prosthetic human joints. The intended part can be machined or molded from the PI, or a film of PI can be appHed to a metallic part. Because of their superior adhesion, dielectric integrity, processing compatibUity, and lack of biological system impact. Pis have been used in many biological appHcations with particular success as body implants. 

Machines are relatively easy to analyze because both their function and all of their parts, each nut and bolt, are known and can be listed. It is then simple to see if any given part is required for the function of the system. If a system requires several closely matched parts to function then it is irreducibly complex, and we can conclude that it was produced as an integrated unit. In principle, biological systems can also be analyzed in this manner, but only if all the parts of the system can be enumerated and a function recognized. 

The fourth generation will involve research into integrated heterogeneous molecular nanosystems together with coordinated functionalities. This is approaching the way biological systems work, for example evolutionary cells and cell ageing therapies, human-machine interface. 

---