Bioelectrical signal

Nerve cells have two distinct properties that distinguish them from all other types of cells in the body. First, they conduct bioelectrical signals for relatively long distances without any loss of signal strength. Second, they... 

Medical and biological analyzis to detect and analyze bioelectric signals, analysis of biological systems and related materials and study of biological effects on biological tissue ... 

Hagemann, B., Luhede, G., Luczak, H. (1985). Improved "active" electrodes for recording bioelectric signals in work physiology. furapeanJonma/ of Applied Pl siology, 54,95 98. 

Zipp, P. (1988). Optimierung der Obetflachenableitung bioelektrischer Signale [Optimization of surface electrodes and equipment for bioelectric signals] Foitschritt-Berichte VDI, Reihe 17, Nr. 45. Dusseldorf VDI Verlag. 

Sensing Bioelectrical Signals Electrical Characteristics Practical Electrodes for Biomedical Measurements Intracavitary and Intratissue Electrodes Transparent Electrodes Microelectrodes Electrodes Fabricated Using Microelectronic... 

TABLE 4.1 Bioelectric Signals Sensed by Biopotential Electrodes and Their Sources... 

The action potential is the endogenous bioelectric signal from an excited nerve cell. The process can be followed by impedance changes as well (Sauter et al. 2009) and in electrical impedance myography (ElM) (Nie et al. 2006). 

The applications discussed above address the interaction between humans and biomedical products and systems that use embedded and connected information technologies. However, as HCI technology develops to address new paradigms, new modes of interaction (e.g., haptics, gestures, speech, bioelectric signals, and behaviometrics) will increasingly involve biomedical factors. 

Skeletal museles produce some of the larger bioelectric signals within die body. Muscle is composed of many small and elongated myofibers of about SO /un in diameter. Myofibers are made of myofibril cells,... 

The heart s depolarization is an electric vector called the cardiac equivalent vector. The placement of two electrodes creates a direction between them called the electrode lead. The electrode-detected bioelectric signal V results from a dot-product relationship of the cardiac equivalent vector m with the electrode lead a such that... 

In muscular disease, needle EMG waveforms vary in strength, waveshape, and frequency content. For example, in muscular dystrophy, the EMG action events are low in amplitude, short in duration (1 to 2 ms), and high in frequency (up to 40 per second). When the bioelectric signals are introduced into a loudspeaker so that they can be heard, there is a high-pitched characteristic sound. These diseased muscles fatigue easily, and this is reflected in their action events that are greatly reduced with sustained contraction. 

The third type of movement detection is electrical. These control interfaces sense bioelectric signals. Switches of this type require no force, and a common example of this type of interface is capacitive switches used on some elevator buttons. Bioelectrical switches detect muscle electrical activity (EMGs) or eye movement (EOG) by attaching electrodes to the skin. 

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