Biocatalysis multiphase

Brink, L.E.S. and Tramper, J. (1985) Optimization of organic solvent in multiphase biocatalysis. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 27, 1258-1269. 

Application of whole cells in two-liquid phase or multiphase systems or in micelles biocatalysis at the interface between the aqueous and the organic phase (for poorly soluble substrates). 

While both CGAs and CLAs areas of application are potentially very broad, their most promising use appears to be in downstream separation in biotechnology (e.g., multiphase biocatalysis) where products are very dilute and occur in complex mixtures [67], and possibly in FOR. Thus, the applicability of conventional surfactant solutions, CGAs generated from surfactant solutions, and CLA suspensions will be described in the following subsections. 

Another category of enzymatic transformations in multiphase systems is enzymes immobilized on the reactor wall as presented in Table 10.4. Enzymes are advantageously used in immobilized form because this strategy allows for increased volumetric productivity and improves stability. Continuous mode of operation is employed in these systems. The approaches commonly used for immobilization in conventional multiphase biocatalysis can also be employed in microreactors such as covalent methods, cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA), and adsorption methods. The experimental setups can either be chip-type reactors with activated charmel surface walls where enzyme binds, or enzyme immobilized monolith reactors, where a support is packed inside a capillary tube. 

Lozano et al., 2011). These improvements apply not only to biocatalysis but also chemical catalysis. The most innovative idea is to mimic the metabolic pathways found in the nature. Thus, continuous flow multi-enzymatic and multi-chemo-enzymatic processes in multiphase systems for synthesising new products are underway. 

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