Bile add

Spray solution II For bile adds 60% aqueous perchloric add. 

Cholestyramine, colestipol, and colesevelam are the bile acidbinding resins or sequestrants (BAS) currently available in the United States. Resins are highly charged molecules that bind to bile adds (which are produced from cholesterol) in the gut. The resin-bile acid complex is then excreted in the feces. The loss of bile causes a compensatory conversion of hepatic cholesterol to bile, reducing hepatocellular stores of cholesterol resulting in an up-regulation of LDL receptors to replenish hepatocellular stores which then result in a decrease in serum cholesterol. Resins have been shown to reduce CHD events in patients without CHD.26... 

Anderberg, E. K., C. Nystrom, and P. Artursson. Epithelial transport of drugs in cell culture. VII Effects of pharmaceutical surfactant excipients and bile adds on transepithelial permeability in monolayers of human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells,... 

Hidalgo, I. J., Borchardt, R. T., Transport of bile adds in a human intestinal epithelial cell line, Caco-2, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1990, 1035, 97— 103. 

Sandker, G. W., Weert, B., Olinga, P., Wolters, H., Slooff, M. J., Meijer, D. K., Groothuis, G. M., Characterization of transport in isolated human hepatocytes. A study with the bile add taurocholic add, the uncharged ouabain and the organic... 

Hagenbuch, B., Stieger, B., Foguet, M., Lubbert, H., Meier, P. J., Functional expression cloning and characterization of the hepatocyte Na+/bile add cotransport system,... 

Wess, G., Kramer, W., Han, X. B., Bock, K., Enhsen, A., Glombik, H., Baringhaus, K. H., Boger, G., Urmann, M., Hoffmann, A. et al., Synthesis and biological activity of bile acid-derived HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. The role of 21-methyl in recognition of HMG-CoA reductase and the ileal bile add transport system, /. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 3240-3246. 

Pagels, P., Starke, D., Kramer, W., Hepatobiliary transport of bile add amino add, bile add peptide, and bile acid oligonucleotide conjugates in rats, Hepatology 1999, 30, 1257-1268. 

PXR CAR FXR LXR AhR 3A4 and others 2B, 2C, 3A4 7A 7A 1A1, 1A2, 1A6, 1B1, 2S1 Xenobiotic metabolism regulation, antioxidant Xenobiotic metabolism regulation Bile add metabolism and transport Reverse cholesterol transport and absorption Reproduction and development regulation... 

Its target genes regulate the secretion of bile acids and phospholipids into bile (bile salt efflux pump, MDR2 and 3), the intestinal reabsorption of bile add (ileal bile... 

Bile An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile adds and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH]... 

Figure 4.13 Uptake of bile acids in the jejunum. Bile adds (BA) and cholesterol (C) are secreted from the liver, via the bile, into the duodenum. Cholesterol is transported back into the blood, from the enterocyte, within chylomicrons. The latter enter the lymphatic system (i.e. the lacteals). Bile acids are absorbed from the jejunum into the hepatic portal vein for re-uptake into the liver.

ATP-dependent process, aided by the bile-salt excretion pump (BSEP) expression in the canalicular membrane. Conjugation increases the aqueous solubility of the bile adds, and renders these bile adds largely impermeable to the cell membranes of the intestine and duodenum hence, they are unable to leave the intestinal lumen. This allows bile-add levels to rise in the lumen, ultimately reaching sufficient concentrations to form micelles, which allow lipid emulsification and subsequent absorption. 

Potential Therapies for the Deleterious Effects of Bile Adds... 

Figure 2.3 Absorption of bile acids by the cholangiocyte in the cholehepatic shunt. Bile acids are absorbed at the apical membrane of the cholangioc5de by the apical sodium-dependent bile-acid transporter (ASBT) that causes cholehepatic shunting of bile acids back to the hepatocyte. Absorbed bile adds are exported across the basolateral membrane by multi-drug-resistance-associated protein 3 (MRP3), a truncated form of ASBT or by the het-eromeric organic solute (OST) a and p forms. Bile adds cause choleresis that is rich in bicarbonate ions secreted by the chloride/bicarbonate ion exchanger.

Bile Adds Induce Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress in Cells of the GI Tract... 

Bile acids are recycled via the enterohepatic circulation, with less than 5% of the total bile acid pool entering the colon.Bile adds are reabsorbed by ileum columnar epithelium cells and are transported back to the liver by the portal vein where they are extracted by hepatocytes. Approximately 6-12 enterohepatic circulations occur daily. Free bile acids, like DCA, are partly absorbed into the colon and enter the enterohepatic circulation, where they are... 

The bile add ursodeoxycholic acid has shown some promise in slowing down the fibrotic process in cholestatic patients, especially those suffering from PBC and PSC [77,78]. Its mechanism of action, however, is stiU a matter of debate. 

Pine, J. M., Vrieze, L. A., and Sorensen, P. W. (2004). Evidence that petromyzontid lampreys employ a common migratory pheromone that is partially comprised of bile adds. Journal of ChemicalEcology 30,2091-2110. 

Permeability transition pore Opening by reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, bile adds, ihio crosslinkers, atractyloside, betu-liniate, lonidamidem various anticancer drugs, to collapse mitochondrial membrane potential and activate mitochondrial apoptotic pathway... 

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