Electric vehicle batteries for

To hasten development of batteries for electric vehicles, Chiysler, Ford, and General Motors formed the U.S. Advanced Batteiy Consortium (USABC). In 1991 USABC, battery manufacturers, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) launched a joint research effort to identify, develop and license promising batteiy technology for electric vehicles—vehicles with the range, performance and similar costs of gasoline-powered vehicles. 

F. R. Kalhammer, A. Kozawa, C. B. Moyer, B. B. Owens, Performance and Availability of Batteries for Electric Vehicles, Report of the Battery Technical Advisory Panel, California Air Resource Board, El Monte, CA, 1995. 

Z.S. Wronski, G.J.C. Carpenter, P. Kalal, An integrated characterization approach for ranking nickel hydroxides designed for high-performance positive electrodes in batteries for electric vehicles, Electrochem. Soc. Proc. 96-14 (1996) 177-188 (Exploratory R D of Batteries for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, A.R. Langrebe and B. Serosati, eds.)... 

Rand, D. A. J. Woods, R. Dell, R. M. Batteries for Electric Vehicles, Research Studies Press 1998 ISBN 0-86380-205-0. 

Since a considerable proportion of all petroleum is consumed in vehicle traction - a particularly inefficient way of extracting energy from a scarce resource which simultaneously causes severe environmental pollution in urban areas - the possibility of replacing vehicles driven by internal combustion engines with battery-powered electric transport is under active consideration, and the development of advanced batteries for this purpose is being pursued in a number of countries. Since batteries for electric vehicles (EVs) must be transported as part of the vehicle load, they require high power/mass ratios in addition to high cycle efficiency. 

Kordesch and G. Simander [5] and J. Larminie and A. Dicks [6] deal more generally with fuel cell technologies and applications and that by D.A.J. Rand et al. [7] with batteries for electric vehicles. The web offers much information other recommended publications are identified during the course of the discussion. 

Rand, D.A.J., Woods, R. and Dell, R.M. (1998) Batteries for Electric Vehicles, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester. 

Applications which require elevated temperatures (e.g., Li batteries for electric vehicles [153]) at which a reasonable conductivity is reached. 

Kaun T. D., Kilsdonk D. J., in Lithium/Iron Sulfide Batteries for Electric Vehicle Propulsion and Other Applications, Progress Report for October 1978-September 1980, Argonne National Laboratory Report A.N.L. 80-128/1981, p. 156. 

J. R. Rasmussen, L. Viswanathan, G. R. Miller, A. V. Virkar, SAE Technical Paper Series, No. 830225 reprinted from SP-541 Batteries for Electric Vehicles-Research, Development, Testing and Evaluation, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1983. 

Design and Cost Study Zinc-Nickel Oxide Battery for Electric Vehicle Propulsion in Final Report, ANL Contract No. 109-38-3543, Yardney Elect. Corp., Oct. 1976. 

European Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium, Brite/Euram Project BE97-4085, The development of improved lead-acid batteries for electric vehicle service which are maintenance-free and fully recyclable. Final Report 1 January 1998 to 31 August 2001, Appendix IV, p. 50, Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 2001. 

A.F. Hollenkamp, K.K. Constant , M.I. Koop, K. McGregor, ALABC Project AMC-003. Advanced Lead Acid Batteries for Electric Vehicles Examination of Premature Capacity Loss. Final Report April 1993-March 1995, Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium, Research Triangle Park, NC,... 

Kyle, M. L., et al., Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Electric Vehicle Propul-... 

Geomet Technologies 1993, Nickel-Cadmium Batteries for Electric Vehicles - Life Cycle Environmental and Safety Issues, Final Report No IE-2629 prepared for the Eleetrie Power Research Institute (EPRI), December 1993. 

R.G. Jungst, "Recycling Readiness of Advanced Batteries for Electric Vehicles," presented at the 9th International Seminar on Battery Waste Management, Deerfield Beach, FL, October 1997. 

Zinc is the most electropositive element that can be electrochemically deposited in aqueous solution. Consequently, the zinc/air cell has the highest voltage among electrically rechargeable metal/air batteries. It is the combination of this fact with zinc low equivalent weight, large terrestrial abundance and low cost, that has stimulated significant research and development activity on zinc/air batteries for electric vehicle applications [14]. 

Two types of aluminium/air batteries are being developed oriented toward different applications alkaline batteries for electric vehicles, due to favourable specific energy, and saline batteries for special applications, such as, emergency lighting, reserve power, marine objects and so on. 

Batteries for Electric Vehicles, (Research Studies Press, 1998),... 

It has been found that H3PO4 prevents capacity decay of the positive electrode during cycling of gelled lead—acid batteries for electric vehicle applications [21]. Addition of phosphoric acid to VRLAB electrolyte yields stable capacity performance of these batteries in different solar power systems [37]. 

Park CR. Next generation lithium ion batteries for electrical vehicles. In-Tech 2010. 140 p. Balbuena PB, Wang Y. Lithium-Ion Batteries. Solid-Electrolyte Interphase. Imperial College Press 2004. 

Martino FJ, Kaun TD, Shimotake H, Gay EC. Advances in the development of lithium-aluminum-metalsulfide batteries for electric vehicle batteries. Proceedings of 13th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference-, 1978. p 709. 

The cost and service life of secondary batteries for electric vehicles must compete against the cost and service life of the internal combustion engine. In their favor is elimination of the cost to the environment of distributed emissions of the greenhouse gas CO2 and if charging of the battery of the electric vehicle can be done with wind or radiant solar energy, all CO2 emissions associated with the vehicle can be eliminated. 

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