Batrachotoxin occurrence

In view of the apparently extremely limited occurrence of batrachotoxins in Nature, namely, in the five monophyletic species of the dendrobatid... 

Batrachotoxins, 187-194 biological activity. 189, 191 occurrence, 192-194 structures, 187-190 Benzylisoquinolines, 142-144 biosynthesis, 153 Berbines, acetaldehyde, 153, 155 Betaine, fluorescent, 135 Bicyclic alkaloids, 199 decahydroquinolines, 206-212 histrionicotoxins, 200-206... 

Occurrence Since most A. are nerve poisons they cannot form in larger amounts in the animal world, except in skin glands where they are excreted for specific purposes as neurotoxins (e.g. the amphibian venoms samandarine and other salamander alkaloids, tetrod-otoxin, batrachotoxins, bufotenine and other toad poisons, glomerine, serotonine, histamine, tyra-mine and other biogenic amines). Most A. occur in plants as by-products of amino acid metabolism where they are mostly stored in peripheral parts of the plant (leaves, roots, barks, fruits) and much less frequently in the wood. A. occur only rarely as free bases in plants and are mostly found as salts with oxalic, acetic, lactic, and citric acids, etc. Some higher plant families are... 

The toxicity of batrachotoxin and the sensitivity of the Ehrlich reaction provide two sensitive probes for occurrence of batrachotoxin and homoba-... 

---