Basic principle absolute ratings

There are three basic concepts that explain membrane phenomena the Nemst-Planck flux equation, the theory of absolute reaction rate processes, and the principle of irreversible thermodynamics. Explanations based on the theory of absolute reaction rate processes provide similar equations to those of the Nemst-Planck flux equation. The Nemst-Planck flux equation is based on the hypothesis that cations and anions independently migrate in the solution and membrane matrix. However, interaction among different ions and solvent is considered in irreversible thermodynamics. Consequently, an explanation of membrane phenomena based on irreversible thermodynamics is thought to be more reasonable. Nonequilibrium thermodynamics in membrane systems is covered in excellent books1 and reviews,2 to which the reader is referred. The present book aims to explain not theory but practical aspects, such as preparation, modification and application, of ion exchange membranes. In this chapter, a theoretical explanation of only the basic properties of ion exchange membranes is given.3,4... 

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