Average specific energy loss

Examination of specific ion profiles shows that the onset of the evolution of hydrogen chloride (loss of Cl ) occurs prior to the onset of the evolution of [HCy or [PhCHCl] suggesting that the latter ions may be products of secondary gas-phase reactions. Although the evolution profiles were broad, the average activation energy could be obtained by the measurement of the temperature maxima as a function of sample heating rates. The results of these studies are given in Table 9.11. 

For polymers the major effect of chromatic aberration appears when a thick specimen causes the transmitted electrons to lose energy. Just how serious this is depends on the exact nature of the material as well as the specimen thickness. However, a carbonaceous material of density 10 kg m (specific gravity 1) will cause a 100 keV electron to lose about 0.4 eV per nanometer of thickness on average [7, 14-16]. Thus a 100 nm thick foil causes 40 eV loss, for a chromatic limit to resolution of 6 nm. This chromatic aberration is the basis for the rule of thumb (often given for biological specimens) that one should not expect to resolve details smaller than one tenth of the specimen thickness. 

Of type A are at present 32 plants in operation, of type B 11 and of type C 22. Merely 6 plants of type A or B are equipped with a calcinator, 3 in addition with a tertiary air dnct. The average thronghput of the various kiln types ranges from 1,000 to 3,050 t/d, that of the individual kilns even from 500 to 3,800 t/d. This especially results in different specifie heat losses through the wall of the rotary kiln, bnt also of the cooler and the preheater and thus in the total also in different mean specific fuel energy eonsirmptions (s. table 3). 

One-half of the ratio of energy dissipated to average energy stored per cycle, which has been termed the specific loss, is... 

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