Attribute subdivision

Lasers generate a high-intensity output of monochromatic photon energy, and studies of the photochemical reactions induced by this have created a virtual subdivision of photochemistry known as laser chemistry While the output of a laser can heat, anneal, burn, cut. or be usedinstrumentally as a spectral source, we are concerned here only with those chemical effects attributable to the photon output at wavelengths between near infrared and near ultraviolet, i.e.. between about 12 and 0.2 microns. 

Two types of evidence cast doubt on this subdivision of the cystine residues. First, all the cystine can be made to react at pH 5 with reducing agents (Section IV,A,2) or sulfite (Section IV,A,3). It follows that these reactions are reversible and, while there may be a spectrum of differing reactivities of cystine, there is no clear division into reactive and non-reactive fractions. Second, recent work by Maclaren (unpublished observations, 1963) shows that there may be considerable losses of thiol during acid hydrolysis. Some of the apparent differences in chemical reactivity attributed to the A -1- B and C - - D fractions may therefore be due to... 

The reaction s slowness was attributed to the coarse state of subdivision of the thallium. 

From a kinetic point of view, the fine subdivision and absence of in-1i aparticle mass transfer allows oxide microcrystals to be considered as quasi-<-ontinuous with the liquid phase. Homogeneous kinetic models are reasonable lor these materials and provide an adequate description in most cases (Yasunaga and Ikeda, 1986). Rale control by mass transfer has been invoked in certain cases for synthesized and compacted oxides and attributed to the oxides ... 

The last decade has witnessed an indisputable burgeoning of research within the field of ionic liquids, both in academe and industry. Part of the responsibility for this explosion of interest can be attributed to the strong commitment of the American Chemical Society s Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Division and its subdivisions. In particular, the oral and written forums sponsored by the Division have enhanced discourse between scientific and industrial partners across the world and have served as a platform for advances in the field. Here, through a series of snapshots represented by the Division s five major ionic liquids symposia, we take a look at the world of ionic liquids. 

AZO Pigments. Many of the red, yellow, and orange pigments used in plastics are classified as azo pigments. This classification is attributed to the fact that they contain the azo chromophore (—N=N—). Further subdivisions of azo pigment are possible. They can be labeled as metallized or nonmetallized the... 

It must be remembered that in addition to the subdivision of the crystal into Smekal blocks, each block may have its own glide planes and that glide planes may act as regions for further break-up of the crystal block, or for preferential diffusion into the block. Palladium, after sorption of hydrogen, shows not only a block structure, but also a herring-bone pattern on the surface of each grain or block (2i, 22) which has been attributed to preferential penetration of hydrogen down slip planes. 

Optically those gold solutions with small amicrons behave exactly as homogeneous solutions of dyestuffs. A part of the absorption is to be attributed to diffusion of light only when the subdivision of the gold is much coarser. The diffusion in the larger subdivisions has an appreciable influence on the color. In the case of the finer subdivisions of gold hydrosols the color is not a question of the color of a... 

In support of the contention that it is the very fine subdivisions that are efficacious for medicinal purposes, Henri found that many bacilli are retarded in their growth by finer subdivisions of silver sols even at a dilution of 1 to 50,000, but that the coarser had little effect. The effect of collargol is probably to be attributed to the formation of silver ion at the great dilution. As the ion particles are removed more could be formed from the submicrons present by chemical influences, such as oxidation, etc. The colloidal silver would therefore act for a long time as a storehouse for the ions. The ions would not be present in large enough concentration to injure the tissues. However the cause of the therapeutic effect may lie beyond this. The silver may excite the organism to form antibodies, or cause an increase of metathesis. 

The converse of this subdivision of complex entities is the aggregation of simple, or low information content entities, so-called chunking, as was first described in the seminal paper by Miller [2]. In this paper, he examined experimental data on absolute judgement, the resolution (or bits in the value of the measure) with which we can characterise stimuli without making errors, and demonstrated that the number of chunks of information that can be retained in short-term (or immediate) memory is about seven, irrespective of the number of bits of information in each chunk, as determined by the dimensionality of the stimuli (limited to the experimental data available), and he attributed this to a... 

Three frequency modes naturally exist within the ambient PMio size distribution (Fig. 3). These size-based subdivisions are often referred to as the coarse, fine, and ultrafine PM modes. Generally, these modes also hold for other attributes of PM, such as their emission sources and mechanisms of formation, their chemical composition, and their physical or aerodynamic behaviors and inferred human dosimetry. The coarse mode comprises that distribution larger than 2.5-pm MMAD and derives almost totally from mechanical and abrasive processes (both anthropogenic and natural), including the entrainment of cmstal surface dusts by wind. The PM of this mode is composed of various silicates and crustal metal... 

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