Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder etiology

Seitler, B. (2006). On the implications and consequences of a neurobiochemical etiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 229-240. 

Swanson JM, Kinsboume M, Nigg J, Lanphear B, Stefanatos GA, Volkow N, Taylor E, Casey BJ, Castellanos FX, Wadhwa PD. (2007) Etiologic subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder brain imaging, molecular genetic and environmental factors and the dopamine hypothesis. Neuropsychol Rev 17 39-59. 

Millichap, J. G. (2008). Etiologic Classification of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder. Pediatrics. 121 6358-6365... 

Although the etiology of autism is not understood, the defining or core symptoms of autistic disorder are considered to be impaired social interaction, impaired verbal and nonverbal communication, and restrictive, repetitive patterns of behavior. In addition, most patients with a primary diagnosis of autism exhibit other neurological or psychiatric symptoms, which may include seizures, sleep disorders, anxiety, panic attacks, attention deficit/hyperactivity, self-injury, and cognitive impairment (Simonoff et ah, 2008). It is not known to what extent these comorbidities reflect the primary pathology of autism and to what extent they represent unrelated vulnerabilities that are exacerbated by the impaired social interaction and communication that is characteristic of the disorder. 

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