Atomic Origin of Paramagnetism

can be 2,1, 0, -1, or -2 and Ms can only be 0. These account for five ([2(2) + 1][2(0) + 1]) microstates, constituting a term. After extracting these from the Table V, there is one microstate left, with Mi and Ms both equal to 0, which must correspond to a term. 

To completely specify the term symbols, the possible J values must be determined. The Mj values corresponding to the largest value that J can have, in which L and S are pointing in the same direction (L + S), are given in Table I. With the term, Mj = A, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3, or -4, implying that 7 = 4. These are the top nine microstates in the Table I. So the complete term symbol is G4. 

The subshell Is less than half-filled so, according to Hund s rules, the Fi term will be the lowest In energy, since it has the highest orbital angular momentum with the highest spin multiplicity and lowest 7. 

1 Orbital Angular Momentum Contribution - The Free Ion Case 

An orbital contribution to the atomic moment may be observed only if there is circulation of the electron about an axis and, hence, orbital angular momenrnm. The orbital contribution to the atomic moment is symbolized as and is given by  

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The little atomic magnets are of course quantum mechanical, but Weiss s original theory of paramagnetism and ferromagnetism (1907) [7] predated even the Boln atom. He assumed that in addition to the external magnetic field Bq, there was an additional internal molecular field B. proportional to the overall magnetization M of the sample. 

Electron spin resonance (ESR), or electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) as it is sometimes known, shares many similarities with its cousin, NMR. The origin of the phenomenon is the spin of the electron (rather than the nuclear spin) coupling with the nuclear spins of the atoms in the polymer, but much of the physics of their interactions are similar. The usual spin Hamiltonian, which is used to determine the energies of the interactions, can be written as... 

Besides, in the same L3 spectra it can be observed that the lines narrow and split into two as the diameter decreases. A possible origin of split lines is the presence of CoO in the paramagnetic atoms. Indeed, the split lines can be understood in terms of the 3d electrons in the smallest clusters (less than 10 atoms) tending to atomic like (discrete) spectra, similar to the features... 

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