Atomic bonds Phase diagram

Materials fundamentals atomic bonding, crystalline structure, imperfection, phase diagrams and kinetics. Materials metals, ceramics, plastics and composites Materials selection for the chemical process industries... 

Most metals of practical importance are actually mixtures of two or more metals. Recall from Section 1.1.3 that these intimate mixtures of metals are called alloys, and when the bond between the metals is partially ionic, they are termed intermetallics. For the purposes of this chapter, and especially this section, we will not need to distinguish between an intermetallic and an alloy, except to note that when a compound is indicated on a phase diagram (e.g., CuAb), it indicates an intermetallic compound. We are concerned only with the thermodynamics that describe the intimate mixing of two species under equilibrium conditions. The factors affecting how two metal atoms mix has already been described in Section 1.1.3. Recall that the solubility of one element in another depends on the relative atomic radii, the electronegativity difference between the two elements, the similarity in crystal structures, and the valencies of the two elements. Thermodynamics does not yet allow us to translate these properties of atoms directly into free energies, but these factors are what contribute to the free energy of... 

Hydrogen bonding is well known as one of the elementary forces that bond atoms to form materials. Many of its properties are familiar, especially in biological systems, but its impact on chemical processing is also evident in the phase diagrams that dictate the nature of separation processes. By understanding these impacts and their explanation, it is possible to anticipate trends in behavior, which may suggest new process alternatives. 

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