Atmospheric CO2 concentration

Figure 2b. Since the end of last glaciation, atmospheric CO2 concentration has remained around 280 until it began rising in the 18th century.

Periodic climatic events such as the El Nino/Southern Oscillation events produce detectable changes in both vegetation dynamics and in atmospheric CO2 concentration 37, 88). Evidence from ratios in atmospheric CO2... 

Keeling, C. D. Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations—Mauna Loa, Hawaii, 1958-1987 NDP-OOl/Rl Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, TN, 1988. 

The atmospheric CO2 concentration has been increasing since the beginning of the indus-... 

Craig, S. G. (1998). The response of terrestrial carbon exchange and atmospheric CO2 concentrations to El Nino SST forcing. Report CM-94, Int. Meteorol. Inst, in Stockholm, Dept, of Meteorol., Stockholm Univ. 

Hunt, E. R. Jr., Piper, S. C., Nemani, R., Keeling, C. D., Otto, R. D. and Running, S. W. (1996). Global net carbon exchange and intra-annual atmospheric CO2 concentrations predicted by an ecosystem process model and three-dimensional atmospheric transport model. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 10, 431-456. 

The nature and causes of the atmospheric CO2 concentration variations on different time scales are very interesting and only partially understood. The "anthropogenic transient" has been... 

Pagani, M, Freeman, K.H. and Arthur, M.K. (1999) Late Miocene atmospheric CO2 concentrations and the expansion of C4 grasses. Science, 285, 876-879. 

Possible Benefits from Improvements in Plants Water Utilisation and Overall Yields for some crop types due to the Increase in Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations. 

T.M.L. Wigley, R. Richels, J.A. Edmonds, Economic and environmental choices in the stabilization of atmospheric CO2 concentrations, Nature 379 (1996) 240-243. 

This approach has been not only used to directly estimate the ocean pH from 8 B of foraminifera but to estimate from the pn the past atmospheric CO2 concentrations (i.e. Pearson and Palmer 1999,2000 Pagani et al. 2005). An increase in atmospheric CO2 results in increased dissolved CO2 in ocean water, which in turn causes a reduction in oceanic pn- A note of caution was presented by Lemarchand et al. (2000) who suggested that boron isotope variations in foraminifera depend at least in part on variations in the supply of riverine boron to the ocean during the geologic past. And indeed the boron isotope composition of rivers can be extremely variable (Rose et al. 2000 Lemarchand et al. 2002). Joachimski et al. (2005) presented evidence... 

Fig. 3.30 Relationship between atmospheric CO2 concentration and 6 Cco2 (after Keeling, 1958)...

The boron isotope approach to pC02 estimation relies on the fact that a rise in the atmospheric CO2 concentration will increase pC02 of the surface ocean which in turn causes a reduction of its pH. By measuring the boron isotope composition of planktonic foraminifera Pahner et al. (1998) and Pearson and Palmer (2000) have reconstructed the pH-profile of Eocene sea water and estimated past atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, Lemarchand et al. (2000) argued that 5 B records of planktonic foraminifera partly reflect changes in the marine boron isotope budget rather than changes in ocean pH. 

Calmels D, Gaillerdet J, Brenot A, France-Lanord C (2007) Sustained sulfide oxidation by physical erosion processes in the Mackenzie River basin climatic perspectives. Geology 35 1003-1006 Came RE, Eiler JM, Veizer J, Azmy K, Brand U, Weidman CR (2007) Coupling of surface temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentrations during the Paleozoic era. Nature 449 198-201 Cameron EM (1982) Sulphate and sulphate reduction in early Precambrian oceans. Nature 296 145-148... 

C by the year 2100 have been predicted on the basis of revisions of various models (earlier versions predicted a 1.5 to 4.5 °C increase by the mid-twentyfirst century). At the time of writing (1996), an international consensus is emerging to the effect that global warming is indeed occurring, and that it is probably correlated with the atmospheric CO2 concentration. 

Carbon dioxide Natural and industrial potential carbon sources exist volcanic activity, living organism respiration, fossil fuel combustion, cement production, changes in land use. Natural CO2 fluxes into and out of the atmosphere exceed the human contribution by more than an order of magnitude. The rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration closely parallels the emission history from fossil fuels and land use changes. 

Long-term memory effect in atmospheric CO2 concentration 3.6.3.1 Introduction... 

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