Atmospheres of planets

Carbon also occurs in abundance in the sun, stars and the atmospheres of planets and their moons. The latter consist of carbon dioxide and methane. Its abundance in the earth s outer crust is estimated to be 0.2%. 

The atmosphere of planet Yaza, from the same star system as Xylo, is made of fluorine gas, F2. The density of the atmosphere on Yaza is twice the density of the atmosphere on Xylo. The temperature of both planets is the same. What is the atmospheric pressure of Yaza ... 

The chemical dynamics, reactivity, and stability of carbon-centered radicals play an important role in understanding the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their hydrogen-dehcient precursor molecules, and carbonaceous nanostructures from the bottom up in extreme environments. These range from high-temperature combustion flames (up to a few 1000 K) and chemical vapor deposition of diamonds to more exotic, extraterrestrial settings such as low-temperature (30-200 K), hydrocarbon-rich atmospheres of planets and their moons such as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, and Titan, as well as cold molecular clouds holding temperatures as low as 10... 

Whereas on Earth, PAHs and related species such as (benzo[a]pyrene) are considered as highly carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic, and therefore resemble unwanted by-product in combustion processes, the situation in quite reversed in hydrocarbon-rich atmospheres of planets and their moons, as well as in the interstellar medium. Here, PAH-like species are thought to contribute to the unidentified infrared emission bands (UIBs) observed between 3 and 15 )o,m. " Itis also estimated that PAHs and related molecules such as their radicals, ionized PAHs, and heteroaromatic PAH make up to 20% of the total cosmic carbon budget. Also, the role of PAHs in astrobiology should be noted. ... 

Which experimental approach can best reveal the chemical dynamics of carbon-centered radicals Recall that since the macroscopic alteration of combustion flames, atmospheres of planets and their moons, as well as of the interstellar medium consists of multiple elementary reactions that are a series of bimolecular encounters, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms involved at the most fundamental microscopic level is crucial. These are experiments under single collision conditions, in which particles of one supersonic beam are made to collide only with particles of a second beam. The crossed molecular beam technique represents the most versatile approach in the elucidation of the energetics and... 

Kaiser R.L, Balucani N. The formation of nitriles in hydrocarbon-rich atmospheres of planets and their satellites Laboratory investigations by the crossed molecular beam technique. Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34. 699-706. 

Kuiper s list of astronomical accomplishments is impressive. In addition to his work on binary stars, the atmospheres of planets and satellites, and the formation of the solar system, he discovered the fifth moon of Uranus, Miranda, and Neptune s second moon, Nereid he was an early advocate of the use of jet airplanes for high-altitude astronomical observations and he accurately predicted the nature of the lunar surface before any human had walked on it. In recognition of these achievements, Kuiper was awarded the Janssen medal of the French astronomical society and the Order of Orange Nassau by the Dutch government. Kuiper died in Mexico City on December 24,1973, while examining a number of possible sites for a new observatory. 

The phenomena observed in laboratory studies of plasmas also occur in extraterrestrial plasmas such as stars, interstellar and interplanetary media and the outer atmospheres of planets. The fact that cosmological implications of plasma interactions can be simulated in the laboratory opens up the possibility of studying astrophysicaJ phenomena in the plasma laboratory, as pioneered by Hannes Alfven. 

Note that this reaction is the reverse of Eq. (6). Unlike oxygen, CO2 is a relatively unreactive gas that is found in the atmospheres of planets other than the earth. It may have been part of the earth s primitive atmosphere and... 

For the detection of extrasolar planetary atmospheres we are at the moment in a state similar to that 200 years ago when the first attempts were made to study atmospheres of planets in our solar system. Generally, the effects of planetary atmospheres are ... 

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