Artemia salina

Brine shrimp, Artemia salina No adverse effect on survival during exposure for 5 days 18... 

Cunningham, PA. 1976. Effects of dimilin (TH 6040) on reproduction in the brine shrimp, Artemia salina. Environ. Entomol. 5 701-706. 

Invertebrate species have been widely used in toxicity studies of pesticides [61]. Zooplankton play a key role in the food chain because they occupy a central position. Therefore, their responses to natural and anthropogenic stresses are intimately linked with other food predator organisms. The most widely accepted bioassays employ species such as Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia magna, Artemia salina, or Thamnocephalus platyurus [62-64]. D. magna has been used for many years as a standard aquatic test species and formally endorsed by the major international organizations such as the EEC, OECD, and ASTM [65-67]. Its choice is mainly because it represents the zooplankton community and is a species of worldwide occurrence. In addition, it has a greater sensitivity to toxicants, particularly pesticides, compared with other aquatic species [61,68] (Table 1). 

Artemia salina), 4.23 Lebistesreticulatus) (lipid basis. Canton et al., 1978)... 

Anticrustacean activity. Methylene chloride extracts of the dried leaf and root, at a concentration of 500 ppm, were inactive on Artemia salina. The assay system was intended to predict for antitumor activity. Methanol extract of the dried root, at a concentration of 500 ppm, was inactive on Artemia salina ° K Ethanol extract of the shade-dried seed was inactive on Artemia saliruf ° ... 

Brine shrimp, Artemia salina Adults exposed to 1, 2, 5, or 10... 

Brine shrimp, Artemia salina] acute single exposure 0.004 Gy 0.1-9 Gy... 

Norway - Daphtoxkit F magna microbiotest (acute toxicity tests with Daphnia magna) - The Thamnotoxkit F microbiotest (acute toxicity tests with Thamnocephalus platyurus) - The Artoxkit M microbiotest (acute toxicity tests with Artemia salina/franciscana) The assays are to be included in the national law as official ecotoxicological parameters. The State Pollution Control Authority requires ecotoxicological characterization of industrial effluents in combination with the renewal of permissions for the discharge of effluents. 

Italy Since 1999 toxicity assays for effluents are required by law (order D.L. 152/99). The following tests are recommended - Acute toxicity test on Daphnia magna or Ceriodaphnia dubia - Algal growth inhibition test on algae Selenastmm capricomutum - Luminescence inhibition test on bacteria - Acute toxicity test on Artemia salina (for saline discharges)... 

Kiviranta, J., Sivonen, K., andNiemela, S.l. 1991. Detection and toxicity of cyanobacteria by Artemia salina bioassay. 1991. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 6 423 26. 

Dagg, M. J., and Litdepage, J. L. (1972). Relationships between growth rate and RNA, DNA, protein and dry weight in Artemia salina and Euchaeta elongata. Mar. Biol. 17, 162—170. 

Abbreviations Asa, Artemia salina Dme, Drosophila melanogaster Hsa, Homo sapiens Egr, Euglena gracilis, Ddi, Dictyostelium discoideum Sso, S. solfataricus Tee, Thermococcus celer Pwo, Pyrococcus woesei Mva, M. vannielii Hma, Halobacterium marismortui Tac, Thermoplasma acidophilum Tma, Thermotoga marilima Tth, Thermus thermophilus Eco, E. coli Mlu, Micrococcus luteus, Spl, Spirulina platensis Ech, E. gracilis chloroplast Smt, Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria. 

Fig. 1. Elongation factor distance-matrix phylogenetic trees inferred from amino-acid sequence identities. Top phylogenetic tree inferred from EF-lcn/(EF-Tu) sequences. Bottom phylogenetic tree inferred from EF-2/(EF-G) sequences. Abbreviations Egr, Euglena gracilis See, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Asa, Artemia salina Dme, Drosophila melanogaster Hsa, Homo sapiens Eco, Escherichia coli Mlu, Micrococcus luteus Tma, Thermotoga maritima.

Within each of the two classical domains, bacteria and eucarya, reciprocal combinations of ribosomal subunits from distantly related organisms yield synthetically active hybrid ribosomes [174-176], In contrast, formation of hybrid particles from eucaryal and bacterial ribosomal subunits appears to be subject to severe constraints [174], One case of hybrid monosome formation from subunits of bacterial E. coli) and eucaryal ribosomes Artemia salina) has been reported by Boublik et al. [177] hybrid ribosomes (73S), however, were assembled only from Artemia 40S subunits and E. coli SOS subunits, and only at levels (30mM) considerably higher -about twofold - than those (ISIS mM) normally required for poly(U)-directed poly(Phe) synthesis in both bacterial and eucaryal cell-free systems. 

Baltres A. and Medesan A. (1978) High-magnesium calcite in fecal pellets of Artemia salina from Techirghiol Lake. Sedim. Geol. 20, 281-290. 

Zootoxicity of hemoiedemosides A (72) and B (73) from Hemoiedema spectabilis and their desulfated derivative 74 were evaluated using the brine shrimp Artemia salina larvae mortality bioassay [51]. Hemoiedemoside A (72) showed a noteworthy toxicity in this assay (LC50 47.5 ppm). Hemoiedemoside B (73) was 2 times less active (LC50 47.5 ppm) than glycoside 72 and nearly 10 times more active than the desulfated derivative 74 (LC50... 

A Papua New Guinea eolleetion of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula yielded two new toxic natural products, hermitamides A 89 and B 90. Hermitamides 89 and 90 exhibited LD50 values of 5 pM and 18 pM, respectively, in the brine shrimp (Artemia salina) bioactivity experiment, and IC50 values of 2.2 pM and 5.5 pM to Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells in tissue culture. Hermitamide A was mildly ichthyotoxic to goldfish, with an LD50 value of 19 pM, while hermitamide B was inactive at 25 pM. 

The saponins were isolated by bioactivity-guided fractionation of the ethanolic extract of the starfish using the brine shrimp Artemia salina L.)... 

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