Aquifers, physical containment

There are three basic approaches to the treatment of contaminated aquifers physical containment, in situ biorestoration, and above-ground treatment. 

ABSTRACT The Mallik gas hydrate field represents an onshore permafrost-associated gas hydrate accumulation in the Mackenzie Delta on the coast of the Beaufort Sea, Northwest Territories, Canada. This deposit contains a high concentration of natural gas hydrate with an underlying aquifer or free-gas zone at the base of the hydrate stability field. The physical and chemical properties of CH4 and C02 hydrates indicate the possibility of coincident C02 sequestration and CH4 production from the Mallik gas hydrate bearing zones. This study presents a numerical assessment of C02 sequestration and the recovery of CH4 from the gas hydrates at the Mallik site, Mackenzie Delta, Canada. 

Toxic As concentrations in groundwater and to lesser extent in surface water mostly result from physical or chemical abiotic and biotic weathering of primary or secondary As-containing minerals. Therefore, aquifers with elevated levels of groundwater As derived from natural sources can be classified according to the origin of the As and the mobilization mechanism into the water ... 

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