Aqueous phase, saturation

When [X ] and [Nu ] are constant in the aqueous phase by keeping the aqueous phase saturated with M+X and M+Nu , the Q+Nu and Q+X in organic phase will be in constant proportion. 

In Equation 6.22, Sa at Zow is maximum with the limiting value of 1 - Sr, where ST is the irreducible aqueous-phase saturation in the porous medium under study. 

Since the solubility of octanol in water is only 0.0045M (9), the molar volume of the aqueous phase saturated with purg octanol can be approximated by the molar volume of pure water (V = V ). 

Enhanced oil recovery always deals with two or more fluids. By implication these fluids are conjugate phases in equilibrium with each other, although Chapter 6 shows that nonequilibrium mixing can sometimes be important when surfactants are used. When one considers the role of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) in CO2 mobility control, it is the CMC of the aqueous phase saturated with CO2 that is important. As illustrated in Figure 10, this CMC may be much lower than the CMC of C02 free surfactant solutions (R. S. Schechter, University of Texas, personal communication, October 26, 1987). 

Similarly, we used correlations developed by Fulcher et al. (1985) by fitting their experimental data to calculate the ratio of water to oil. The k, ratio of a high IFT system is compared with that of a lower IFT in Figure 7.40. The same observation can be made from this figure. We also checked other pubhshed data (not shown here to avoid tedious presentation), and they all show that the k, ratio is decreased when IFT is lower thus, the oil displacement efficiency is improved in the high aqueous phase saturation range as IFT is reduced. 

Earlier investigators generally attributed this kind of phenomenon to the effect of phase behavior. Figure 8.9 shows that in Case C2 [type II(+)], water break through later (longer low water-cut period) than in Case Cl (type III). In Case C3 [type II(-)], a high aqueous phase saturation in the two-phase flow... 

The Aluminate Ion, Al(OH)4. Calculation of AG ° or log K° of the aluminate ion from gibbsite, boehmite and diaspore in alkaline solutions using equations (1) or (2) requires the corresponding standard state partial molal properties of the hydroxyl ion, OH . These may be determined from the dissociation constant for water, if it is accurately known over the range of temperatures and pressures investigated. The experimental measurements of diaspore solubility, reported here, extend to 350°C on the aqueous phase saturation surface, but experimental determinations of by Sweeton et al. ( ) attain only... 

Figure 11. Schematic of generation and coalescence rate versus aqueous-phase saturation. Arrows indicate how generation and coalescence rates change with increasing interstitial velocities.

Figure 12. Experimental and model transient aqueous-phase saturation profiles. Model results are shown with solid lines. Experimental data points (symbols) are connected by dashed lines.

Non-ionic Surfactants. These surfactants do not present the Krafft phenomenon. However, a nonionic micellar solution becomes turbid and separates in two phases when the temperature is raised. This is the clouding phenomenon. The polyoxyethylene chain, the polar part of most non-ionic surfactants, is progressively dehydrated as the temperature raises. Losing water molecules, the polyoxyethylene ehain becomes less polar and, at a particular temperature, a turbidity, the clouding, appears. This temperature is called the cloudpoint of the nonionic surfactant solution. Above the cloud point, the nonionic micellar solution separates in an aqueous phase saturated by the nonionic surfactant, and an organic phase saturated by water and containing the major part of the surfactant. 

CCC with the aqueous phase, saturated in octanol, being the mobile phase. 

Diffusive Transport inthe Aqueous Phase Saturated AND Unsaturated Conditions... 

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