Approaches to HIV-1 Vaccine Development

Opportunities Based on the Interaction of HIV-1 with Chemokine Cellular Coreceptots 

CCR5 seems to be the main co-receptor for HIV on susceptible cells, especially macrophages. CD8+ CTLs are major producers of these infection-inhibiting factors as was first shown by Jay Levy and colleagues. Cells of the innate immune system also secrete some chemokines, e.g., MDC by denchitic cells. In the absence of evidence for the presence of mutant alleles of CCR5, the high level of production of the chemokines by some individuals is associated with their natural resistance to infection by HIV-1.  

A small percentage of frequently HIV-exposed individuals remain seronegative and apparently virus-negative. Examination has revealed that these individuals may demonstrate positive immune responses including 

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