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Applied Sampling Procedures

On the basis of the experiences described in Section 3.2, the following sampling procedures were selected for the field experiments  [Pg.75]

For the 30-minute stagnation time procedure, as the internal plmnbing system is flushed with three pipe volumes of water before the 30 minutes stagnation, in a [Pg.75]

For RDT the best approach seems to be to st close to the average draw volume, therefore a sample volume of 1 litre was chosen. The sample volume has no effect on the lead content of the FF sample, so a 1-litre sample was chosen. [Pg.76]

Although the procedures have already been described in Section 3.2.1, the sampling procedures are clarified below for evaluation in the field test. [Pg.76]

A consumer-operated device, attached to the tap, collects the composite proportional sample. The composite proportional sampling device is connected to the kitchen tap through a coupling nut or a hose clip. In practice, this might cause problems, as some taps are shaped in a w that makes it very difficult to attach the sampling device (e.g. mixer and spr -type taps). The gap between device and tap should be as short as possible. The device should be coimected horizontally. [Pg.76]


Estimations based on statistics can be made for total accuracy, precision, and reproducibility of results related to the sampling procedure being applied. Statistical error is expressed in terms of variance. Total samphng error is the sum of error variance from each step of the process. However, discussions herein will take into consideration only step (I)—mechanical extraction of samples. Mechanical-extracdion accuracy is dependent on design reflecding mechanical and statistical factors in carrying out efficient and practical collection of representative samples S from a bulk quantity B,... [Pg.1756]

In light of their high lipophilic properties, many OC compounds and some of their metabolites are detectable in adipose tissue however, this method cannot be applied to monitor occupationally exposed subjects on a routine basis because of the invasive nature of the sampling procedures. Because intact OC compounds and their metabolites are commonly found in blood and urine of the general population, comparison with appropriate reference groups or with individual pre-exposure values is recommended when surveying occupationally exposed workers. [Pg.13]

Irrespectively of the iron content, the applied synthesis procedure yielded highly crystalline microporous products i.e. the Fe-ZSM-22 zeolite. No contamination with other microporous phases or unreacted amorphous material was detected. The SEM analysis revealed that size and morphology of the crystals depended on the Si/Fe ratio. The ZSM-22 samples poor in Fe (Si/Fe=150) consisted of rice-like isolated crystals up to 5 p. On the other hand the preparation with a high iron content (Fe=27, 36) consisted of agglomerates of very small (<0.5 p) poorly defined crystals. The incorporation of Fe3+ into the framework positions was confirmed by XRD - an increase of the unit cell parameters with the increase in the number of the Fe atoms introduced into the framework was observed, and by IR - the Si-OH-Fe band at 3620 cm 1 appeared in the spectra of activated Fe-TON samples. [Pg.114]

Because of the diversity of potential field testing and sampling activities during the characterization, there may be no specific quality assurance (QA) activities that apply to all sampling procedures. However, the following general QA principles would apply in most cases and are consistent with the QA guidelines published by USEPA s Environmental Response Team ... [Pg.112]

A sampling procedure was defined that had to be applied by all incineration plants and that had to fulfill the basic requirement of being representative. All samples had to be taken during the same season. In the most important plant, waste and firing parameters were also collected. [Pg.412]

Tellurium. The NIOSH Method S-204 for analysis of in air was originally developed using Te(0H)2 (8). RTI applied this procedure to the analysis of the pure metal. The procedure involves the use of both nitric and perchloric acids during the digestion. Recoveries were excellent, 97 percent. An additional set of samples were subjected to a digestion involving no perchloric acid,... [Pg.105]

The same test kit has been also applied to detect all members of the tetracycline group of antibiotics in kidney and meat tissue (72), although its crossreactivity varied from 4-5% for oxytetracycline and doxycycline to 100% for tetracycline and chlortetracycline. However, the applied sample preparation procedure... [Pg.847]

Problems of adsorption, evaporation, and reaction of samples following the sampling procedure prior to analysis must be considered. The discussion regarding storage and handling of gas and liquid standards under external normalization above certainly apply even more with the unknown samples. Time between sampling and analysis must be kept to a minimum. In addition, this time element should be checked with standards to insure that samples do not change with time or to at least define the extent of the error if no other solution is possible. [Pg.203]

A variation, which results in a more simple apparatus, is the drop calorimeter. The test piece is heated (or cooled) externally, dropped into the calorimeter and the resultant change in temperature monitored. For the simplest measurements, the calorimeter need not be surrounded by an adiabatic jacket but in that case, corrections for the heat exchange with the surroundings must be applied. A procedure using a drop calorimeter has been standardized for thermal insulation in ASTM C35l". It is possible to combine the adiabatic and drop calorimeter methods by dropping a heated sample into an adiabatic chamber and this has been used for plastics12. [Pg.277]

Validation should cover the whole analytical procedure—from the preparation of the laboratory sample to the evaluation of the result, that is, the whole range of intended matrices, and should be performed within the expected range of concentrations. The intended use of the analytical results should also be considered. This means that the result can be used to evaluate compliance with regulations, to maintain quality and process control, to make regulatory decisions, to support national and international trade, and, last but not least, to support research. It should be clearly understood that validation is carried out in order to evaluate the performance of the applied analytical procedure, not the performance of the analyst or the laboratory. [Pg.393]

Tanaka and Fritz [19] applied this procedure to the determination of bicarbonate or carbon dioxide in some potable water samples. Fig. 9.2 shows the ion exclusion chromatograms obtained before and after a softening treatment. The results indicated that the method is useful in the field of water quality control of water treatment facilities. [Pg.204]

Solid phase extraction (SPE) was performed with an ASPEC XL automated system (Gilson, Middletown, USA) and mixed mode OASIS MCX cartridges 60 mg 3 cm3 (Waters Corp., Milford, USA). Before SPE, 1 mL of sodium acetate buffer pH 3.6 and 50 pL of IS mixture (nortriptyline-d3, clomipramine-d3, paroxetine-d6, norfluoxetine-d6, and fluoxetine-d6) at 0.2 mg/L in oral fluid and 0.4 mg/L in plasma were added to 0.2 mL of sample. The applied SPE procedure is summarized in Fig. 3. [Pg.163]


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Sampling procedure

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