Antimony electron donor-acceptor

Once germanium is recovered and formed into blocks, it is further refined by the manufacturer of semiconductors. It is melted, and the small amounts of impurities such as arsenic, gallium, or antimony, are added. They act as either electron donors or acceptors that are infused (doped) into the mix. Then small amounts of the molten material are removed and used to grow crystals of germanium that are formed into semiconducting transistors on a germanium chip. The device can now carry variable amounts of electricity because it can act as both an insulator and a conductor of electrons, which is the basis of modern computers. 

Both the DN and AN values are determined empirieally. The electron DN is taken as the molar enthalpy value for the reaction of die donor species with antimony pentachloride (SbCl5 ) as a reference acceptor in a 10 molar solution of 1,2-dichloroethane. The DN values range mainly from 0 to 60 keal/mol. The AN values are dimensionless numbers related to the capacity for sharing electron pairs from standard donating molecules. The numbers can be determined from P NMR ehem-ical shift measurements in triethylphosphine (Et3 PO) upon addition of the respee-tive acceptor. The normalized AN scale ranges from 0 for hexane to 100 for 1 1 components formed between SbCl5 and (Et3 PO). 

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