Anticipation, of a species

ANTICIPATION OF A CLAIMED GENUS BY A SPECIES FALLING WITHIN THAT GENUS... 

ANTICIPATION OF A RANGE BY A PRIOR ART SPECIES FALLING WITHIN THAT RANGE... 

See Section 7.3 for a discussion of anticipation of a genus by a species. 

We can anticipate that the chemical potential of a species ought to increase with concentration because the higher its concentration, the greater its chemical punch . In the following, we use J to denote a substance in general, A to denote a solvent, and B to denote a solute. 

In a very dilute solution, between the co-spheres of the ions the interstitial solvent is unmodified and has the same properties as in the pure. solvent,. The co-sphere of each positive ion and the co-sphere of each negative ion, however, may contribute toward a change in the viscosity. We should expect to find, in a very dilute solution, for each species of ion present, a total contribution proportional to the number of ions of that species present in unit volume. At the same time, we may anticipate that the electrostatic forces between the positively and the negatively charged ions must be taken into account. 

However, despite this lack of a basic understanding of the electrochemistry of these materials, much progress has been made in characterizing polymerization mechanisms, degradation processes, transport properties, and the mediation of the electrochemistry of species in solution. These advances have facilitated the development of numerous applications of conducting polymers, and so it can be anticipated that interest in their electrochemistry will remain high. 

The replacement of five waters in [Cr(H20)6]3+ by NH3 in [Cr(NH3)5H20]3+ causes a 20-fold increase in the lability of the single remaining water (which is quite small by comparison with such replacement in [Ni(H20)6]2 +, as seen from Table V) and appears to decrease the importance of the a-activation mode in the approach to the transition state (see Section III,G). Assuming that the free radii (222) of H20 (138 pm) and NH3 (169 pm) reflect their relative electrostricted coordinated radii, it is anticipated that the first coordination sphere of [Cr(H20)6]3+ will be less crowded than that of [Cr(NH3)5H20]3+ and that the extent of a-activation character in the substitution of water in the latter species will decrease. 

An interesting question, in view of the demonstrated existence of NiCCNBut tC ) (20), is why oxidation of the polymer does not lead to an analogous species. A possible explanation is that when water is present [via exposure of a cold (200 K) substrate co air] the overall reaction becomes that in which oxidation of Ni(0) to Ni(II) is accompanied by reduction of oxygen to 0H . Further studies are anticipated to clarify this point. 

Sonication of 0.05 M Hg2(N03)2 solution for 10,20 and 30 min and the simultaneous measurements of conductivity, temperature change and turbidity (Table 9.2) indicated a rise in the turbidity due to the formation of an insoluble precipitate. This could probably be due to the formation of Hg2(OH)2, as a consequence of hydrolysis, along with Hg free radical and Hg° particles which could be responsible for increase in the turbidity after sonication. The turbidity increased further with time. Mobility of NO3 ions was more or less restricted due to resonance in this ion, which helped, in the smooth and uniform distribution of charge density over NO3 ion surface. Hence the contribution of NOJ ion towards the electrical conductance was perhaps much too less than the conduction of cationic species with which it was associated in the molecular (compound) form. Since in case of Hg2(N03)2, Hg2(OH)2 species were being formed which also destroyed the cationic nature of Hg22+, therefore a decrease in the electrical conductance of solution could be predicted. The simultaneous passivity of its anionic part did not increase the conductivity due to rise in temperature as anticipated and could be seen through the Table 9.2. These observations could now be summarized in reaction steps as under ... 

The charge density at any point is X, the sum being over species of both phases. Note that no geographical separation of components of the phases is required, anticipating that, in the real system, it may not be possible to divide the system such that all the components of phase A lie on one side of a geometrical surface and all the components of phase B on the other. It is necessary only to identify each component as belonging to one phase or the other. In a geographical separation, one would write... 

---