Anthraquinone-based pigments

Yellow chromophtal GTAD (Ciba) is an anthraquinone-based material and is self-dispersing in resins and polyolefin fibres. Unlike classic pigments, it recrystallizes on return to ambient temperature and so offers a high thermal stability (up to 28()°C). The pigment is also transparent and non-warping. 

Zhang Y-J, He X-P, Hu M, Li Z, Shi X-X, Chen G-R (2011) Highly optically selective and electrochemically active chemoscaisor for copper(II) based on triazole-linked glucosyl anthraquinone. Dyes Pigments 88 391-395... 

Most pigments derived from vat dyes are structurally based on anthraquinone derivatives such as indanthrone, flavanthrone, pyranthrone, or dibromoan-thanthrone. There are other polycyclic pigments which may be used directly in the form in which they are manufactured. This includes derivatives of naphthalene and perylene tetracarboxylic acid, dioxazine (Carbazole Violet), and tetrachloro-thioindigo. Quinacridone pigments, which were first introduced in 1958, and recently DPP pigments have been added to the series. 

Pigment Blue 60 [81-77-6] 69800 indanthrone intermolecular condensation of 2-amino-anthraquinone in presence of a strong inoiganic base and oxidizing agent... 

A second large group of polyketide metabolites that have been isolated from lichens are heptaketide xanthones. Their structures are mainly based on norli-chexanthone (7.54). An interesting feature of these compounds is the presence of chlorine in several of the metabolites. Lichens also produce some anthraquinone pigments, exemplified by physcion (7.6) from Xanthora species. 

Blue 6B. See Direct blue 1 Blue anthraquinone pigment. See Indanthrone Blue base. See Dianisidine Bluebonnet extract Blue bottle extract. See Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) extract Blue chamomile flower oil. See Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) flower oil Blue chamomile oil. See Matricaria (Chamomilla recutita) oil... 

Acidic anthraquinones in which both hydroxy groups in the C-ring have been methylated occur in Cortinarius armillatus and C. miniatopus, while cortinaric acid (313) and its 8-0-methyl ether (314) have been isolated from Cortinarius elegantior where they are partly responsible for the characteristic pink colour produced in the stem base with ammonia. The structures of the latter pigments have been confirmed by synthesis involving chromium trioxide oxidation of the peracetyl derivatives of endocrocin (303) and dermolutein (305), respectively 387). 

The quinones are a rather heterogeneous collection of compounds with structures based on an unsaturated system of cyclic diketones. The biologically important plastoquinones, ubiquinones, and vitamin K are included in this group however, as pigments the most widespread and important quinones are the 1,4-naphthaquinones (Fig. 18) and the 9,10-anthraquinones (Fig. 19, Table 10). Methyl, methoxyl, and hydroxyl groups are the most common substituents, and O- and C-glycosides (see Fig. 20) are frequently present in the anthraquinone group. Several structural modifications exist due to reduction, dimerization (Fig. 21), and addition of side chains. 

A large group of natural and synthetic dyesmffs based on the anthraquinone structure have found use in the formation of lake and other pigments. 

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