Planting: annuals

Jibutilon theophrasti is a herbaceous annual plant produciag a jute-like fiber. The plant is native to the People s RepubHc of China and is commercially grown ia China and the former USSR. Because of its association with jute ia mixtures and export, it is also called China jute. The plant grows to a height of 3—6 m with a stem diameter of 6—16 mm. After harvesting by hand and defoHation, bundles of the stems are water retted and the fiber is extracted by methods similar to those for jute. The fiber is used for twiae and ropes. 

Sesame Seed (Benne, Benni, Bene Seed). Sesame seed is the whole dried seed of Sesamum indicum L. (PedaUaceae), an annual plant now cultivated in Mexico and Central America, although indigenous to Indonesia and tropical Africa. It may be the oldest condiment known. The seed is small, shiny, and oval shaped, about 0.32 cm long. The unhuUed seeds are dark and the hulled seeds are pearly white. Sesame seeds, when baked, have a pleasant, roasted, nutty flavor. They are used in baked goods and in confections, eg, halvah. 

The purified raw gas goes to a Synthol (Eischer-Tropsch) unit for catalytic conversion of CO and H2 to Hquid fuels. The tars and oils obtained from quenching the raw gas from the gasifiers go to a Phenosolvan plant to provide tar products for the refinery and ammonia for fertilizer. The Synthol plant has seven reactors, each with 1.9 x 10 m /h (1.6 x 10 ft /d) gas feed. Annual plant production is 1.5 x 10 t motor fuels, 185 x 10 t ethylene,... 

The L-arabino-(4-0-methyl-D-glucurono)xylans are found in softwoods and annual plants. The L-arabinose is present primarily as a-L-arabinofuranosyl units, although P-L-arabinopyranosyl units may also be present. In either case, the arabinosyl units are often, but not always, present as single-unit side chains, as are the uronic acid units. 

The specific use appHcations of sodium chlorite varies from country to country. Important factors are the regulatory and environmental laws in effect for air and water quaUty standards. Sodium chlorite is generally priced at about four to six times the cost of sodium chlorate. The Hst price of 80% technical-grade NaC102 in January 1991 was 2.65/kg (146). In 1990, the estimated consumption of sodium chlorate for the production of sodium chlorite in Canada was about 2700 metric tons and about 9100 metric tons in the United States (74). In Western Europe, the 1990 chlorate consumption estimate was about 11,000 metric tons. A summary of 1991 U.S. and foreign sodium chlorite producer annual plant capacities in various world market areas is given in Table 3. 

Annual plant maintenance and repair costs average about 6% of the fixed capital iavestment, but should be calculated directly from person—hour per shift data or estimates. The annual cost for suppHes can be taken as 15% of the total maintenance and repair cost. 

The indazole alkaloid Nigellidine (269) (Scheme 88) which was described as a zwitterion, was detected in the seeds of Nigella saliva L. (Ranunculaceae) (95TL1993), which is an erect annual plant found in South Asia and is widely cultivated. The seeds are commonly believed to have carminative, stimulatory and diaphoretic properties (75PHA2759). An X-ray single crystal analysis was performed on the methyl chloride. It is... 

August, 1905, flowering advanced. The accumulation of essential oil in the roots was still more marked. (This fact does not appear to hold good for any annual plants Artemisia is a perennial. 

Essential oils are known to have detrimental effects on plants. The inhibitory components have not been identified, but both alde-hydic (benzol-, citrol-, cinnamal-aldehyde) and phenolic (thymol, carvacol, apiol, safrol) constituents are suspected. Muller et al. (104) demonstrated that volatile toxic materials localized in the leaves of Salvia leucophylla, Salvia apiana, and Arthemisia californica inhibited the root growth of cucumber and oat seedlings. They speculated that in the field, toxic substances from the leaves of these plants might be deposited in dew droplets on adjacent annual plants. In a subsequent paper, Muller and Muller (105) reported that the leaves of S. leucophylla contained several volatile terpenes, and growth inhibition was attributed to camphor and cineole. 

Where low-cost labor is available, operators can provide intensive manual cleaning during the annual plant shutdown period. However, this is not a model for operational efficiency, and low-cost labor is seldom that low when quality and productivity is factored in. In the long run, it usually is far better to aim for a higher operational standard from the beginning. 

Guar gum comes from the endosperm of the seed of the legume plant Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. Cyamopsis tetragonoloba is an annual plant, grown in arid regions of India as a food crop for animals. 

Table I. Characteristics of soil and annual plant vegetation under shrub canopies and in intershrub spaces. Data from references 12, 27, 28, and 29.

Zryd, J.P. and Christinet, L., Betalains, in Plant Pigments and Their Manipulation, Davies, K., Ed., Annual Plant Reviews 14, CRC Press/Blackwell, Oxford, 2004, 185. Gill, M. and Steglich, W., Pigments of fungi (Macromycetes), Progr. Chem. Organic Natural Products, 51, 1, 1987. 

S. J. Grayston, D. Vaughan, D. Jones. Rhizosphere carbon flow in trees, in comparison with annual plants the importance of root exudation and its impact on microbial activity and nutrient availability. Appl. Soil Ecol. 5 29 (1996). 

The factors to consider with regard to fuel are the same as for power quantity, quality, and costs. The costs are given in Chemical Week s annual plant site issue. This subject is covered more completely in Chapter 8. 

The annual Plant Sites issues of Chemical Week. 

The average wage of the nonsalaried laborers can be obtained from Chemical Week s annual plant site issue (see references for Chapter 2) or the U. S. Department of Labor. This average wage does not include retirement benefits, social security, workman s compensation, company health insurance contributions, stock options, holidays and vacations, and other fringe benefits. These benefits... 

Wink M (1999), Introduction biochemistry, role, and biotechnology of secondary metabolites , in Michael Wink, Functions of Plant Secondary Metabolites and their Exploitation in Biotechnology, Annual Plant Reviews, Academic Press, UK, 3, 1-16. 

These data amply confirm the original contention concerning the feasability of using cellulolytic enzyme systems for the isolation of additional amount of native lignin from various woody tissues. Moreover, this method can be applied not only to perennial plants, but also to annual plants. 

A great deal of work is reported in the literature concerning the formation of lignin directly from cellulose or pentosans. Phillips (92), (93), on the basis of his work on annual plants, opposed this theory. According to him, lignin is produced in the plant directly from glucose or sucrose. 

Plants have two parts the tops and the roots. Both have different effects on soil chemistry and analysis. Because the effects are so different, each part will be discussed separately. All plants can be divided into algae, fungi, mosses, liverworts, and vascular plants, while the dominant agriculture plants are commonly divided into grasses and legumes. In addition, these types of plants can be annual, biennial, or perennial in their life cycles. Annual plants are particularly interesting in that both the tops and bottoms die each year and thus add organic matter to soil from both sources. 

Aqueous alkaline extraction of wood was employed by Poumarede and Figuier48 in 1846 for the removal of a substance called wood gum. Similar very crude xylan or hemicellulose preparations were made by other workers of the early period. Extractions were made not only from wood sawdust, but from annual plant materials such as wheat straw, corn cob, etc.49-66... 

The opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is a blue-grey annual plant growing 30 to 150 cm in height (Robbers et al. 1996 Gruenwald et al. 

There are many species of datura, the best known of which is probably jimsonweed (Datura stramonium). It is an annual plant reaching a height of 1-2 meters, with large white solitary flowers (Gruenwald 1998) (figure 9.14). Datura is indigenous to many parts of the world, including Europe, Noth America, northern Africa, and eastern and southwestern Asia. 

Wink, M. (1999). Functions of secondary metabolites and their exploitation in biotechnology Annual plant reviews, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton. 

A light-excluding mulch membrane will stop weeds from growing, and will, in time, kill them. If you want to convert an area of lawn into a vegetable or flower bed, mulch it in the spring and it will be clear by the fall, if not before. Persistent perennials may take a couple of years or more to die. Vigorous annual plants. 

A lovely annual plant for the wild garden, or dotted informally in a kitchen garden. Both the leaves and seeds (coriander) can be used in cooking. 

Perennials that do not normally survive a cold winter are usually classified, with annuals, as bedding plants, as they too need to be replanted annually. Plants such as pelargoniums or felicia can be overwintered in a frost-free greenhouse or a cool basement, cutting them back and then repotting at the start of spring. 

A short-term mulch such as leaf mold or fine bark will help to keep the soil moist. Cocoa shells are also suitable for annual plantings, but may be too rich for fertile soil. 

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