Animal polished white

TAs one might predict, mutations in the genes for the subunits of the PDH complex, or a dietaiy thiamine deficiency, can have severe consequences. Thiamine-deficient animals are unable to oxidize pyruvate normally. This is of particular importance to the brain, which usually obtains all its energy from the aerobic oxidation of glucose in a pathway that necessarily includes the oxidation of pyruvate. Beriberi, a disease that results from thiamine deficiency, is characterized by loss of neural function. This disease occurs primarily in populations that rely on a diet consisting mainly of white (polished) rice, which lacks the hulls in which most of the thiamine of rice is found. People who habitually consume large amounts of alcohol can also develop thiamine deficiency, because much of their dietaiy intake consists of the vitamin-free empty calories of distilled spirits. An elevated level of pyruvate in the blood is often an indicator of defects in pyruvate oxidation due to one of these causes. ... 

Orpiment of gold color, 20 drachmas powdered glass, 4 staters or white of egg, 2 staters white gum, 20 staters saf ran. . After writing, let it dry and polish with a tooth. (An animal s tooth used by jewelers for polishing.)... 

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