Analog frequency response curve

To conclude, the FIA response curve obtained in such a system, which conforms to the tanks-in-series model, reflects the reaction rate at which the detected species is formed—or consumed—and on the physical parameters of the system. The RTD curve, however, in analogy with what applies to tubular and packed reactors, is the function of the physical parameters alone. Thus even if the response curve is narrower than the RTD curves obtained by the tracer experiment, it is of no use to try to reach the thus seemingly achievable higher sampling frequency, since the reactant—or lack of reagent persisting in the chamber—will result in carryover and in loss of reproducibility. 

A typical phase-contrast transfer function is shown in F 2. This representation of TEM performance is analogous to the audio frequency response of a hi-fi amplifier. The units of spatial frequency here are reciprocal nanometers (nm ), high values of spatial frequency corresponding to fine detail. The curve shows that the response of a conventional TEM in high-resolution mode is complicated and initially... 

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