Biodegradation anaerobic

Fig. 4. Proposed initial steps in the anaerobic biodegradation of toluene in different organisms.

Typical precautions with trichloroethylene are summarized in Table 5.52. An important factor is that the vapours are much heavier than air they will therefore spread and may accumulate at low levels, particularly in undisturbed areas. Because of its volatility, releases to the environment usually reach the atmosphere. Here it reacts with hydroxyl or other radicals (estimated half-life for reaction with hydroxyl radicals is less than a week) and is not therefore expected to diffuse to the stratosphere to any significant extent. There is some evidence for both aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of trichloroethylene. 

Secondary alkanesulfonates are easily biodegradable under aerobic conditions but are less so in an anaerobic environment, a feature common to all sulfonates with the stable carbon-sulfur bond. The recent discussions on anaerobic biodegradation [103] should be put into perspective since in the sewage or deposition path a temporary anaerobic step quickly gives way to a stage where natural conditions, which are aerobic, prevail. Thus, anaerobic biodegradation... 

In the present study, the UASB reactor was modeled in terms of the dispersed plug flow and the Monod type of rate equations to constmct the differential mass balance equations fcs- the anaerobic biodegradation of single and multiple substrates components of the volatile fetty acids. 

Battersby NS, V Wilson (1989) Survey of the anaerobic biodegradation potential of organic chemicals in digesting sludge. Appl Environ Microbiol 55 433-439. 

Caldwell ME, RM Garrett, RC Prince, JM Suflita (1998) Anaerobic biodegradation of long-chain -alkanes under sulfate-reducing conditions. Environ Sci Technol 32 2191-2195. 

Mancini SA, AC Ulrich, G Lacrampe-Couloume, B Sleep, EA Edwards, BS Lollar (2003) Carbon and hydrogen isotopic fractionation during anaerobic biodegradation of benzene. Appl Environ Microbiol 69 191-198. 

FIGU RE 10.28 Anaerobic biodegradation of (a) orotic acid and (b) nracil. (FromNeilson, A.H. and Allard, A.-S., The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 3J, pp. 1-80, Springer, Heidelberg, 1998. With permission.)... 

Ahad JME, BS Foliar, EA Edwards, GF Slater, BE Sleep (2000) Carbon isotope fractionation during anaerobic biodegradation of toluene implications for intrinsic bioremediation. Environ Sci Technol 34 892-896. 

Kuder T, JT Wilson, P Kaiser, R Kolhatkar, P Philp, J Allen (2005) Enrichment of stable carbon and hydrogen isotopes during anaerobic biodegradation of MTBE microcosm and field evidence. Environ Sci Technol 39 213-220. 

Beaudet R, M-J Levesque, R Villemur, M Lanthier, M Chenier, F Lepine, J-G Bisaillon (1998) Anaerobic biodegradation of pentachlorophenol in a contaminated soil inoculated with a methanogenic consortium, or with Desulfitobacterium frappieri PCP-1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 50 135-141. 

The application of deuterated toluene in assessing anaerobic biodegradation (Fischer et al. 2006) has already been noted in Chapter 6, Part 1. A review (Lovley 1997) has summarized the various strategies and suggests that uncertainties, particularly in the bioremediation of benzene, can only be resolved by greater emphasis on field-oriented studies, and a better understanding of the reactions involved and the factors that limit the rates of degradation. 

Fuchs G, MBS Mohame, U Alenschmidt, J Koch, A Lack, R Brackmann, C Lochmeyer, B Oswald (1994) Biochemistry of anaerobic biodegradation of aromatic compounds. In Biochemistry of Microbial Degradation (Ed C Ratledge), pp. 513-553. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 

Mormille MR, S Liu, JM Suflita (1994) Anaerobic biodegradation of gasoline oxygenates extrapolation of information to multiple sites and redox conditions. Environ Sci Technol 28 1727-1732. 

Different pathways have been proposed to explain the anaerobic biodegradation of formaldehyde according to the intermediate products observed.5-7... 

Sharma, S., Ramakrishna, C., Desai, J.D., and Batt, N.M., Anaerobic biodegradation of petrochemical wastewater using biomass support particles, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 40, 768-771, 1994. 

Pearson, F., Shiun-Chung, C., and Gautier, M., Toxic inhibition of anaerobic biodegradation, J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 52, 472-482, 1980. 

EPIsuite estimate among other Xow, K00, KOM Henry s Law constant, [27] melting and boiling points, aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability of organic chemicals, biodegradation of half-life of hydrocarbons, and bioconcentration factors... 

Shelton DR, Boyd SA, Tiedje JM (1984) Anaerobic biodegradation of phthalic acid esters in sludge. Environ Sci Technol 18 93-97... 

Ground water t,/2 = 336-8640 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation half-life (Bridie et al. 1979 Kuhn et al. 1985 Wilson et al. 1986 Howard et al. 1991) t,/2 0.3 yr from observed persistence in groundwater of the Netherlands (Zoeteman et al. 1981). 

Biodegradation aerobic biodegradation t,/2 = 4320-8760 h, based on essentially no biodegradation observed for hexachlorobenzene in soil die-away tests (Griffin Chou 1981 quoted, Howard et al. 1991) anaerobic biodegradation t,/2 = 17280-35040 h, based on essentially no biodegradation observed for hexachlorobenzene in soil die-away tests (Griffin Chou 1981 quoted, Howard et al. 1991). 

Kuhn EP, Suflita JM (1989) Anaerobic biodegradation of nitrogen-substituted and sulfonated benzene aquifer contaminants. Hazard Waste Hazard Mater 6(2) 121-134... 

Chen, M., C.S. Hong, B. Bush, and G.Y. Rhee. 1988. Anaerobic biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls by bacteria from Hudson River sediments. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 16 95-105. 

---