Ammonium hydrogencarbonate, reactions

In the industrial process [12] 1,3-butadiene and water are reacted at 60-80 °C in an aqueous sulfolane solvent in the presence of triethylamine hydrogencarbonate under 10-20 bar CO2 pressure. The reaction yields linear telomers mainly, with a 90-93 % selectivity to 2,7-octadien-l-ol together with 4-5 % l,7-octadien-3-ol. Most of the products are removed from the reaction mixture by extraction with hexane, and the aqueous sulfolane phase with the rest of the products, the catalyst and the ammonium bicarbonate is... 

The success of the Solvay process lay in the efficient use of the ammonia obtained as a by-product in the coke industry. The key step involves the reaction of ammonia gas and carbon dioxide gas in a saturated sodium chloride solution. That results in the formation of sodium hydrogencarbonate (bicarbonate) NaHCOj and ammonium chloride. The sodium bicarbonate precipitate is filtered from the solution, dried and heated to form sodium carbonate. Carbon dioxide is obtained by heating limestone CaCOj in a lime kiln. One noteworthy feature of the Solvay process is the effective use and recycling of materials. The only ultimate by-product is calcium chloride Ca-CI2, for which the demand is limited. To some extent it is used for deicing roads in winter and for dust control on dirt roads in the summer. 

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