Ammonium acetate ethylene derivatives

Several interesting derivatives of tpy have been prepared in which a ferrocene is linked to the 4 -position. The condensation of ferrocene carbaldehyde with 2-acetyl pyridine leads to the parent system (31a).34 Alternatively, l,5-bis(2-pyridyl)-3-(ferrocenyl)pentane-l,5-dione may be easily prepared in 77% yield, and subsequent treatment with ammonium acetate provides a 78% yield of (31a).35 If ferrocene l,l -dicarbaldehyde is used in the first procedure, the bisterpyridyl ferrocene can be synthesized.36 Addition of the anion derived from (25i) to ferrocene carbaldehyde affords the alcohol (31b), which can be dehydrated to the ethylene derivative (31c).37 Coupling of alkynyl ferrocene with the bromo-derivative (25e) leads to a tpy linked to ferrocene by a phenylacetylene bridge (31d).38... 

Synthesis (Kleemann et al. 1999, Janssen (Janssen), 1973 Janssen et al. (Janssen), 1973, Stokbroekx et al., 1973, Niemegeers et al., 1974) ) Treatment of 2-oxo-3,3-diphenyl-tetrahydrofuran, synthesized by treatment of diphenyl-acetic acid ethyl ester with ethylene oxide, with HBr(gas) yields bromo derivative i, which is then converted into butyryl chloride derivative ii by means of thionyl chloride in refluxing chloroform. Reaction of derivative ii with dimethylamine in toluene affords dimethyl (tetrahydro-3,3-diphenyl-2-furylidene)ammonium bromide, which is then condensed with 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-piperidinol by means of Na2C03 and Kl in refluxing 4-methyl-2-pentanone to provide loperamide. 

The 50 largest-volume chemicals contain many derived from fossil carbon sources. Their 1995 volumes in billions of pounds produced in the United States4 are ethylene (46.97), ammonia (35.60), propylene (25.69), methyl tert-butyl ether (17.62), ethylene dichloride (17.26), nitric acid (17.24), ammonium nitrate (15.99), benzene (15.97), urea (15.59), vinyl chloride (14.98), ethylbenzene (13.66), styrene (11.39), methanol (11.29), carbon dioxide (10.89), xylene (9.37), formaldehyde (8.11), terephthalic acid (7.95), ethylene oxide (7.62), toluene (6.73), p-xylene (6.34), cumene (5.63), ethylene glycol (5.23), acetic acid... 

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