Aluminum reduction plants, effects

The third category for interactions is high dose (III). The effects produced by this level of interaction can be seen by the casual observer. The result of high-dose exposure is destruction or severe injury of the forest system. High-dose conditions are almost always associated with point source emissions. The pollutants most often involved are SO2 and hydrogen fluoride. Historically, the most harmful sources of pollution for surrounding forest ecosystems have been smelters and aluminum reduction plants. 

Sanders et al. (1983) have also shown that the effects of Cu(II) on the growth of crab larvae and on their metallothionein with copper chelate buffer systems must be interpreted on the basis of free Cu ion activity. The data obtained reveal predictable relations between [Cu ] in seawater and processes at the cellular and organismic levels. Similarly, the uptake of metal ions by plants (e.g., of aluminum) is usually related to free metal-ion activity. Others have shown that the chelation of a variety of metals reduces the toxicity of metals to organisms for example, a reduction in the uptake of mercury by fish in the presence of EDTA and cysteine a reduction in copper and/or zinc toxicity to... 

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