Allenes hydroalkoxylation, gold-catalyzed

Gold-catalyzed intermolecular hydroalkoxylations of allenes have received much less attention than their intramolecular counterpart. Nishina and Yamamoto performed the addition of primary or secondary alcohols using 5 mol% each of PhsPAuCl and AgOTf without any solvent and obtained the allylic ethers resulting from attack of the alcohol at the less substituted allenic terminus with moderate to high yield. The best results were obtained for aryl-substituted allenes. Unfortunately, enantiomerically enriched allenes provided only racemic addition products under these conditions. In the presence of a gold(I) catalyst and iV-iodosuccinimide, 2-iodoallylic ethers were obtained in a regioselective and stereoselective manner. 

Representative procedure for the gold-catalyzed intermolecular hydroalkoxylation of allenes. I-((E)-3-Isopropoxyprop-l-enyl)-4-methylbenzen ... 

Nishina N, Yamamoto Y (2008) Gold-catalyzed intermolecular hydroalkoxylation of allenes difference in mechanism between hydroalkoxylation and hydroamination. Tetrahedron Lett 49 4908 911... 

Hydroalkoxylation of Allenes In the year 2000, during their investigation of transition metal catalyzed reactions of allenyl ketones [29], Hashmi et al. discovered that gold(III) salts were able to lead the cydoisomerization and dimerization of these substrates (Equation 8.2) with a considerable improvement related to other assays with Ag (I) or Pd (II) catalysts [18]. 

In 2006, Widenhoefer reported an effective gold(I)-catalyzed protocol for the exo-hydroalkoxylation of y- and 6-hydroxy allenes to form 2-vinyl tetrahydrofurans and 2-vinyl tetrahydropyrans, respectively [104]. For example, treatment of 1-phenyl-5,6-heptadienol with a catalytic 1 1 mixture of [P(f-Bu)20-biphenyl]AuCl and AgOTs in toluene at room temperature led to isolation of 2-phenyl-6-vinyltetrahydropyran in 96% yield as a 7.2 1 mixture of diastereomers (Eq. (12.33)). This gold(I)-catalyzed hydroalkoxylation protocol tolerated substitution at the terminal allenyl carbon atoms and along the alkyl chain that tethered the hydroxy group to the allenyl moiety and was also effective for the S-exo hydroalkoxylation of y-hydroxy allenes. Alcaide and Almendros have shown that gold(III) also catalyzes the S-exo hydroalkoxylation of y-allenyl alcohols in modest yields (Eq. (12.34)) [105]. 

Toste and coworkers have developed effective gold(I)-catalyzed protocols for the intramolecular enantioselective hydroalkoxylation of y- and 8-hydroxy allenes employing chiral, enantiomerically pure silver salts [107]. For example, treatment of y-hydroxy allene 66 with a catalytic 1 2 mixture of the achiral bis(gold) complex (dppm)Au2Cl2 [dppm = bis(diphenylphosphino)methane] and chiral silver phos-phonate Ag-(J )-67 in benzene at room temperature led to isolation of 2-alkenyl tetrahydrofuran 68 in 90% yield with 97% ee (Eq. (12.36)). A combination of chiral bis(gold) complex with a chiral silver salt proved effective for terminally unsubstituted allenyl alcohols. For example, reaction of 5,6-heptadienol catalyzed by a mixture of [(S,S)-DIPAMP]Au2Cl2 [DIPAMP = l,2-ethanediylbis[(2-methoxyphenyl) phenylphosphine] and Ag-(J )-67 gave 2-vinyltetrahydropyran 69 in 96% yield with 92% ee (Eq. (12.37)). 

Nishina and Yamamoto have also reported the gold(I)allenes with alcohols [109]. As an example, treatment of a neat mixture of p-tolyl allene and isopropanol with a catalytic 1 1 mixture of (PPh3)AuCl and AgOTf at 30 °C led to isolation of isopropyl )-3-(4-tolyl)-2-propenyl ether in 98% yield (Eq. (12.39)). The protocol was most effective for monosubstituted and 1,3-disubstituted allenes and gave no transfer of chirality for the hydroalkoxylation of 1-phenyl-l,2-butadiene. Horino has reported the gold(I)-catalyzed intermolecular addition of alcohols to the allenyl moiety of 4-vinylidene-2-oxazolidinones [110]. 

Zhang Z, Widenhoefa RA (2008) Regio- and stereoselective synthesis of alkyl ally lie ethers via gold(I)-catalyzed intermolecular hydroalkoxylation of allenes with alcohols. Org Lett 10 2079-2081... 

Scheme 36 Intermolecular hydroalkoxylation of allenes catalyzed by gold(l)...

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