Alimentary System

Madge, D. S. (1975). The mammalian alimentary system a functional approach. Edward Arnold London. 

Ursodeoxycholic acid (ursodiol), which is found in large quantities in bear bile, and which elicits an intense bitter taste, has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine not only as a stomachic but also as a universal drug for the alimentary system.1 8 Currently, the drug is generally derived by chemical synthesis rather than from animals. 

Paracelsus made the general introduction of several heavy metals into medicine in the 16th century and nowadays the particular use of bismuth compounds is focused upon the treatment of disorders of the alimentary system (14 such drugs are commonly prescribed in Britain). Several of these medicines are based upon a red viscous colloidal bismuth citrate solution containing ammonium hydroxide plus a colourant, a sweetening agent and emollients such as sorbitol or glycerine at pH = 10. 

As we have seen the morbidity cases of respiratory and alimentary systems highlight the inter-correlation between biogeochemical food web, pollution loading and human health. However, the physiological response of central nervous and cardiovascular systems to heavy metals and pesticides is also known and the relevant analysis of morbidity of cardiovascular system and psychological distresses was carried out in 1991-1997 in the industrial area of Crimea—Armyansk city, Ukraine (Evstafieva et al, 1999). The correlation between morbidity of a respiratory system and pollutants emissions was found (Figure 6). 

The parasitic phase is initiated by ingested conidia lodging on the wall of the alimentary system between the mouth and the mastax. Rotiferophthora species are among the most frequently recorded parasites of bdelloid rotifers. They are devastating parasites, able to wipe out entire populations of rotifers in Petri dishes in a few days (Barron, 1991a, 1991b). 

In practise the most powerful and useful system developed so far is a compromise between the methods, known as the anatomical therapeutic-chemical system (ATC). The system divides products into 13 general groups (Table 2.5) according to the body system on which they act A, alimentary system B, blood and blood-forming organs, and so on. This is the usually followed by the name of the disease they cure and finally by a description of the chemical classes involved. 

Alimentary system Cardiovascular system Central nervous system Analgesics... 

Drugs administered to the intestine as the lower end of the alimentary system are expected to reach the entire body. Because drugs absorbed from the distal portion of the intestine can avoid the initial passage effect, it is necessary to attempt to control migration of the dmg to the upper part of the intestine. For example, a double-layered suppository that has an ammonium salt of carboxyvinyl polymer at the front tip could be used. 

Toxic actions on the alimentary system may be as a direct action on the stmctures of the system itself or as a route for absorption of a toxic agent into the body. The alimentary system is perhaps the most familiar form and route of the production of toxic trauma. 

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