Algae antibiotic

Anthoni U, Nielsen PH, Smith-Hansen L, Wium-Andersen S, Christophersen C (1987) Charamin, a quaternary ammonium ion antibiotic from the green alga Chara globularis. J Org Chem 52 694-695... 

A number of unusual cyclic polysulfides showing antibiotic activity against bacteria and fungi have been isolated from the red alga Chondria aalifomica ( ) and from the mushroom Lentinue edodes ( ). Both 34 (1,2,4,6-tetrathiepane) and 35 (1,2,3,5,6-pentathiepane or lenthionine) have been isolated from both sources, while 1,2,3,4,5,6 -hexathiepane, 36, was obtained from the mushroom and 27 (1,2,4-trithiolane), 2 (1,2,4-trithiolane 4-oxide),... 

It has been established that DXS catalyzes the first step in a novel biosynthetic pathway leading to isoprenoids in bacteria, algae, plant chloroplasts, and in the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. DXS is therefore a novel target for antibiotics, herbicides, or anti-malarials. Our work has contributed to an understanding of the novel biosynthetic pathway and could further open new perspectives on how to inhibit the pathway in pathogenic bacteria, protists, or weeds. 

This unique redox catalyst links the oxidation of H2 or of formate to the reduction of NADP+229 and also serves as the reductant in the final step of methane biosynthesis (see Section E) 228 It resembles NAD+ in having a redox potential of about -0.345 volts and the tendency to be only a two-electron donor. More recently free 8-hydroxy-7,8-didemethyl-5-deazaribo-flavin has been identified as an essential light-absorbing chromophore in DNA photolyase of Methanobacterium, other bacteria, and eukaryotic algae.230 Roseoflavin is not a coenzyme but an antibiotic from Streptomyces davawensisP1 Many synthetic flavins have been used in studies of mechanisms and for NMR232 and other forms of spectroscopy. 

The naturally occurring nucleoside/nucleotide antibiotics, which have been isolated from bacteria, fungi, blue-green algae, and marine sponges, have proven to be useful biochemical probes in eucaryotic, procaryotic, viral, fungal, and plant systems. Some excellent reviews on the nucleo-side/nncleotide antibiotics are available. 

This reductive coupling reaction is a useful route to 5-substituted 5-lactones such as malyngolide (1), an antibiotic obtained from blue-green algae.3... 

New vancomycin-type glycopeptide antibiotics are in clinical trials to combat methicillin-resistant bacteria (2612, 2613) such as the deadly Staphylococcus aureus (2614). For the first time, extracts of marine algae indigenous to Japan have shown activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (2615, 2661). The therapeutic use of iodine has been rejuvenated (2616). For example, in the treatment of cyclic mastalgia (2617). 

Manefield M, Welch M, Givskov M, Salmond GPC, Kjelleberg S (2001) Halogenated Furanones from the Red Alga, Delisea pulchra, Inhibit Carbapenem Antibiotic Synthesis and Exoenzyme Virulence Factor Production in the Phytopathogen Erivinia carotovora. FEMS Microbiol Lett 205 131... 

Glombitza K-W, Sukopp I, Wiedenfeld H (1985) Antibiotics from Algae XXXVII. Rhodomelol and Methylrhodomelol from Polysiphonia lanosa. Planta Med 437... 

Horikawa M, Noro T, Kamei Y (1999) In Vitro Anti-Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Activity Found in Extracts of Marine Algae Indigenous to the Coastline of Japan. J Antibiot 52 186... 

In this chapter, we review and discuss the role of autochthonous sources of DOM in surface waters. Our focus is on the input of DOM from algae and macrophytes within aquatic ecosystems and largely confined to the major pools of DOM potentially available for use as substrates by heterotrophic bacteria. Hence, we will not consider phytoplankton/macrophyte release of specific volatile organics, vitamins, antibiotics, toxic compounds, or enzymes, unless they fall within the scope stated above. 

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