Alcohols organic complexes

The presence of water is essential for the success of these reductions. In anhydrous THF, for example, treatment of iV-benzoylimidazole with NaBH4 leads to benzyl benzoate as the main product (73%), along with 19% benzyl alcohol.[33] Other reports, however, describe the conversion of carboxylic acid imidazolides to the corresponding alcohols by complex hydrides in organic solvents. Further alcohols have been synthesized via imidazolides ... 

The area of donble carbonylation has been recently reviewed by des Abbayes and Salaiin. Both stoichiometric and catalytic systems are snrveyed, covering monometallic complexes of Co, Pd, Fe and Ni, althongh the main emphasis is on catalytic monometallic systems of Co and Pd with a variety of snbstrates (amines, alcohols, organic halides). A general scheme for the donble carbonylation of organic halides with a palladium is shown below (Scheme 29). 

Palladium and thio-Michler s ketone (TMK) (formula 46.2) form red mixed ligand complexes Pd(TMK)2X2 (X = CF, Br, T, or SCN ) on extraction with CHCI3, in the presence of suitable halide ions in weakly acidic aqueous solution. The complexes [Pd(TMK)4(Sol)2] are formed when the extraction is done with mixtures of CHCI3 with a polar solvent (Sol) such as ethanol or DMF, or with only a polar solvent, e.g., amyl alcohol. Similar complexes (Pd TMK = 1 4) form in mixed organic-aqueous solutions containing 30-40% of DMF or 40-50% of ethanol. 

Fluorides. PF5 is easily prepared by the interaction of PC15 with CaF2 at 300-400°. It is a very strong Lewis acid and forms complexes with amines, ethers and other bases as well as with F" in which phosphorus becomes 6-coordinate. However, these organic complexes are less stable than those of BF3 and are rapidly decomposed by water and alcohols. Like BF3, PF5 is a good catalyst, especially for ionic polymerization. 

Kawahata, M., Yamaguchi, K. and Ishikawa, T. (2005) o-Bisguanidinobenzene, a powerful hydrogen acceptor crystal structures of organic complexes with benzoic acid, phenol and benzyl alcohol. Crystal Growth Design, 5, 373-377. 

The photocatalytic activity of silica-supported Ti02 materials has been evaluated with different model pollutants, such as potassium cyanide, metal-complexed cyanides, alcohols, organic dyes, pesticides and organochloride compounds (see Table 16). The photocatalytic experiments have been carried out in different photocatalytic reactors, using both UV lamps and the solar light [549-552]. 

To determine whether silicon was present as an organic complex Holt and Yates (414) added soluble silica as isotopic Si to tissue culture and also injected it into the peritoneal cavity of a rat and later isolated alcohol-soluble compounds containing Si from the tissue. However, they pointed out that the extracted material might consist of micelles of organic-coated silicic acid polymers. Most of the Si in tissues remained insoluble. 

Formation of alcoholates—solvate complexes with functional alcohols can be considered as a variety of this synthetic approach. Metal j6-diketonates or carboxylates are reacted with amino- or alkoxy-alcohols in stoichiometric amounts in organic solvents (both nonpolar such as toluene or hexane or polar, such as methanol or ethanol can be applied (Williams, 2001 Seisenbaeva, in press) ... 

Weiss [1963] has summarized the very extensive work of himself and his collaborators (Weiss and Hofmann [1951], Weiss et al. [1956, 1956a], Weiss [1958], Weiss et al. [1959]) on alkylammonium-vermiculite complexes. They find that the complexes are formed in simple stoichiometric proportions. Some estimate of the charge density of the silicate layers can be made from X-ray diffraction measurements of the interlayer distance of the pure n-alkyl-ammonium derivatives. Comparison is made with a variety of other minerals (silicates vanadates, phosphates, uranyl salts), which form similar organic complexes. Measurements have been made of the extra swelling produced when alkylammonium-silicates are treated with various liquids, viz., water and aqueous electrolyte solutions, alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, nitrocompounds, phenols, nitrogen bases, esters, ethers, ketones, halogen compounds, and hydrocarbons. 

Urea has the remarkable property of forming crystalline complexes or adducts with straight-chain organic compounds. These crystalline complexes consist of a hoUow channel, formed by the crystallized urea molecules, in which the hydrocarbon is completely occluded. Such compounds are known as clathrates. The type of hydrocarbon occluded, on the basis of its chain length, is determined by the temperature at which the clathrate is formed. This property of urea clathrates is widely used in the petroleum-refining industry for the production of jet aviation fuels (see Aviation and other gas-TURBINE fuels) and for dewaxing of lubricant oils (see also Petroleum, refinery processes). The clathrates are broken down by simply dissolving urea in water or in alcohol. 

Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid is miscible in all proportions with water and is soluble in many polar organic solvents such as dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and acetonitrile. In addition, it is soluble in alcohols, ketones, ethers, and esters, but these generally are not suitably inert solvents. The acid reacts with ethyl ether to give a colorless, Hquid oxonium complex, which on further heating gives the ethyl ester and ethylene. Reaction with ethanol gives the ester, but in addition dehydration and ether formation occurs. 

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