Agrochemical resistance

Clark, J.M., Lee, S.H., Kim, H.J., Yoon, K.S., and Zhang, A., Molecular approaches to insect resistance management, in Agrochemical resistance Extent, mechanism, and detection, Clark, J.M. and Yama-guchi, I., Eds., American Chemical Society, Washington, DC Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 103. 

MOBERG Understanding aiul Combating Agrochemical Resistance... 

Shaner, D. L., Heap, I. Herbicide Resistance in North America The Case for Resistance to ALS Inhibitors in the United States in Agrochemical Resistance, ACS Symposium Series,... 

Clark, J. M., Yamaguchi, 1. in Agrochemical Resistance Extent, Mechanism and Detection, J. M. Clark and I. Yamaguchi (Eds), American... 

Sjut, V. (Ed.) (1997). Molecular mechanisms of resistance to agrochemicals. In Chemistry of Plant Protection 13, Springer Berlin. 

Since then, many photostable pyrethroids have been developed as agrochemicals, yet their repeated use has resulted in resistance by some insects in a short time. It has been recently reported that natural pyrethrins as well as allethrin and prallethrin showed markedly slow development of resistance, posing quite an interesting issue (described in the section Cross-resistance ). 

The use of allelochemicals may overcome one of many long-term drawbacks of synthetic agrochemicals, namely the unnatural excessive application of these chemicals. Such an application can be counterproductive at times, in that the process of exogenously applying a high selection pressure of chemicals can cause rapid selection for organisms resistant to these agrochemicals, and thereby defeat the objective. However, such interim measures are, at times, necessary. 

In addition, agrochemical companies continue to search for new compounds with novel chemistry and with new modes of action that can be incorporated into crop protection management strategies that will control resistant insects. Furthermore, there is also the opportunity to introduce synergists of insecticides that depress or inhibit the detoxifying enzymes and, thereby, enhance the effectiveness of the compounds. 

Kemp, M.S., S.R. Moss, and T.H. Thomas (1990). Herbicide resistance in Alopecurus myosuroides, pp. 376-393. In Green, M.B., H.M. LeBaron, and W.K. Moberg, eds., Managing Resistance to Agrochemicals From Fundamental Research to Practical Strategies. Washington, DC American Chemical Society Symposium Series 421. 

Jutsum, A.R. and J.C. Graham (1995). Managing weed resistance The role of the agrochemical industry. Brighton Crop Protection Conference-Weeds, pp. 557-566. 

Due to the unique properties of fluorinated compounds there has been a growing interest in the selective introduction of one or more fluorine atoms into organic molecules (Shimizu and Hiyama 2005 Welch and Eswarakrishnan 1991 Soloshonok 1999 Chambers 2004). In particular, the resistance to many metabolic transformations, as well as the increased lipophilicity and stability of fluorine-containing compounds is of importance to the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industry... 

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